Merge branch 'master' into add_temperature_converter

Author: BamaCharanChhandogi

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -501,6 +501,7 @@
             * [DualPivotQuickSort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/DualPivotQuickSort.java)
             * [DutchNationalFlagSort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/DutchNationalFlagSort.java)
             * [ExchangeSort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/ExchangeSort.java)
+            * [FlashSort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/FlashSort.java)
             * [GnomeSort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/GnomeSort.java)
             * [HeapSort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/HeapSort.java)
             * [InsertionSort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/InsertionSort.java)
@@ -874,6 +875,7 @@
             * [DualPivotQuickSortTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/DualPivotQuickSortTest.java)
             * [DutchNationalFlagSortTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/DutchNationalFlagSortTest.java)
             * [ExchangeSortTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/ExchangeSortTest.java)
+            * [FlashSortTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/FlashSortTest.java)
             * [GnomeSortTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/GnomeSortTest.java)
             * [HeapSortTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/HeapSortTest.java)
             * [InsertionSortTest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Java/blob/master/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/sorts/InsertionSortTest.java)

pom.xml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
             <dependency>
                 <groupId>org.junit</groupId>
                 <artifactId>junit-bom</artifactId>
-                <version>5.10.3</version>
+                <version>5.11.0</version>
                 <type>pom</type>
                 <scope>import</scope>
             </dependency>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
             <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
-            <version>5.10.3</version>
+            <version>5.11.0</version>
             <scope>test</scope>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
             <artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
-            <version>5.10.3</version>
+            <version>5.11.0</version>
             <scope>test</scope>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
         <plugins>
             <plugin>
                 <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
-                <version>3.3.1</version>
+                <version>3.4.0</version>
                 <configuration>
                     <forkNode implementation="org.apache.maven.plugin.surefire.extensions.SurefireForkNodeFactory"/>
                 </configuration>

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/backtracking/ParenthesesGenerator.java

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ private ParenthesesGenerator() {
      */
     public static List<String> generateParentheses(final int n) {
         if (n < 0) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The number of pairs of parentheses cannot be nagative");
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The number of pairs of parentheses cannot be negative");
         }
         List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
         generateParenthesesHelper(result, "", 0, 0, n);

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/conversions/BinaryToDecimal.java

@@ -1,37 +1,33 @@
 package com.thealgorithms.conversions;
 
-import java.util.Scanner;
-
 /**
  * This class converts a Binary number to a Decimal number
  */
 final class BinaryToDecimal {
-    private BinaryToDecimal() {
-    }
+    private static final int BINARY_BASE = 2;
 
-    public static long binaryToDecimal(long binNum) {
-        long binCopy;
-        long d;
-        long s = 0;
-        long power = 0;
-        binCopy = binNum;
-        while (binCopy != 0) {
-            d = binCopy % 10;
-            s += d * (long) Math.pow(2, power++);
-            binCopy /= 10;
-        }
-        return s;
+    private BinaryToDecimal() {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Main Method
+     * Converts a binary number to its decimal equivalent.
      *
-     * @param args Command line arguments
+     * @param binaryNumber The binary number to convert.
+     * @return The decimal equivalent of the binary number.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If the binary number contains digits other than 0 and 1.
      */
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
-        System.out.print("Binary number: ");
-        System.out.println("Decimal equivalent:" + binaryToDecimal(sc.nextLong()));
-        sc.close();
+    public static long binaryToDecimal(long binaryNumber) {
+        long decimalValue = 0;
+        long power = 0;
+
+        while (binaryNumber != 0) {
+            long digit = binaryNumber % 10;
+            if (digit > 1) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Incorrect binary digit: " + digit);
+            }
+            decimalValue += (long) (digit * Math.pow(BINARY_BASE, power++));
+            binaryNumber /= 10;
+        }
+        return decimalValue;
     }
 }

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/conversions/BinaryToHexadecimal.java

@@ -1,60 +1,63 @@
 package com.thealgorithms.conversions;
 
 import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.Scanner;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
  * Converts any Binary Number to a Hexadecimal Number
  *
  * @author Nishita Aggarwal
  */
 public final class BinaryToHexadecimal {
+    private static final int BITS_IN_HEX_DIGIT = 4;
+    private static final int BASE_BINARY = 2;
+    private static final int BASE_DECIMAL = 10;
+    private static final int HEX_START_DECIMAL = 10;
+    private static final int HEX_END_DECIMAL = 15;
+
     private BinaryToHexadecimal() {
     }
 
     /**
-     * This method converts a binary number to a hexadecimal number.
+     * Converts a binary number to a hexadecimal number.
      *
-     * @param binary The binary number
-     * @return The hexadecimal number
+     * @param binary The binary number to convert.
+     * @return The hexadecimal representation of the binary number.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If the binary number contains digits other than 0 and 1.
      */
-    static String binToHex(int binary) {
-        // hm to store hexadecimal codes for binary numbers within the range: 0000 to 1111 i.e. for
-        // decimal numbers 0 to 15
-        HashMap<Integer, String> hm = new HashMap<>();
-        // String to store hexadecimal code
-        String hex = "";
-        int i;
-        for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-            hm.put(i, String.valueOf(i));
-        }
-        for (i = 10; i < 16; i++) {
-            hm.put(i, String.valueOf((char) ('A' + i - 10)));
-        }
-        int currbit;
+    public static String binToHex(int binary) {
+        Map<Integer, String> hexMap = initializeHexMap();
+        StringBuilder hex = new StringBuilder();
+
         while (binary != 0) {
-            int code4 = 0; // to store decimal equivalent of number formed by 4 decimal digits
-            for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-                currbit = binary % 10;
-                binary = binary / 10;
-                code4 += currbit * (int) Math.pow(2, i);
+            int decimalValue = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < BITS_IN_HEX_DIGIT; i++) {
+                int currentBit = binary % BASE_DECIMAL;
+                if (currentBit > 1) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Incorrect binary digit: " + currentBit);
+                }
+                binary /= BASE_DECIMAL;
+                decimalValue += (int) (currentBit * Math.pow(BASE_BINARY, i));
             }
-            hex = hm.get(code4) + hex;
+            hex.insert(0, hexMap.get(decimalValue));
         }
-        return hex;
+
+        return !hex.isEmpty() ? hex.toString() : "0";
     }
 
     /**
-     * Main method
+     * Initializes the hexadecimal map with decimal to hexadecimal mappings.
      *
-     * @param args Command line arguments
+     * @return The initialized map containing mappings from decimal numbers to hexadecimal digits.
      */
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
-        System.out.println("Enter binary number:");
-        int binary = sc.nextInt();
-        String hex = binToHex(binary);
-        System.out.println("Hexadecimal Code:" + hex);
-        sc.close();
+    private static Map<Integer, String> initializeHexMap() {
+        Map<Integer, String> hexMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < BASE_DECIMAL; i++) {
+            hexMap.put(i, String.valueOf(i));
+        }
+        for (int i = HEX_START_DECIMAL; i <= HEX_END_DECIMAL; i++) {
+            hexMap.put(i, String.valueOf((char) ('A' + i - HEX_START_DECIMAL)));
+        }
+        return hexMap;
     }
 }

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/conversions/BinaryToOctal.java

@@ -1,50 +1,45 @@
 package com.thealgorithms.conversions;
 
-import java.util.Scanner;
-
-/**
- * Converts any Binary number to an Octal Number
- *
- * @author Zachary Jones
- */
 public final class BinaryToOctal {
-    private BinaryToOctal() {
-    }
+    private static final int BITS_PER_OCTAL_DIGIT = 3;
+    private static final int BINARY_BASE = 2;
+    private static final int DECIMAL_BASE = 10;
 
-    /**
-     * Main method
-     *
-     * @param args Command line arguments
-     */
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
-        System.out.println("Input the binary number: ");
-        int b = sc.nextInt();
-        System.out.println("Octal equivalent: " + convertBinaryToOctal(b));
-        sc.close();
+    private BinaryToOctal() {
     }
 
     /**
      * This method converts a binary number to an octal number.
      *
      * @param binary The binary number
      * @return The octal number
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the input is not a valid binary number
      */
     public static String convertBinaryToOctal(int binary) {
-        String octal = "";
-        int currBit = 0;
-        int j = 1;
+        if (binary == 0) {
+            return "0";
+        }
+
+        if (!String.valueOf(binary).matches("[01]+")) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Input is not a valid binary number.");
+        }
+
+        StringBuilder octal = new StringBuilder();
+        int currentBit;
+        int bitValueMultiplier = 1;
+
         while (binary != 0) {
-            int code3 = 0;
-            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
-                currBit = binary % 10;
-                binary = binary / 10;
-                code3 += currBit * j;
-                j *= 2;
+            int octalDigit = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < BITS_PER_OCTAL_DIGIT && binary != 0; i++) {
+                currentBit = binary % DECIMAL_BASE;
+                binary /= DECIMAL_BASE;
+                octalDigit += currentBit * bitValueMultiplier;
+                bitValueMultiplier *= BINARY_BASE;
             }
-            octal = code3 + octal;
-            j = 1;
+            octal.insert(0, octalDigit);
+            bitValueMultiplier = 1; // Reset multiplier for the next group
         }
-        return octal;
+
+        return octal.toString();
     }
 }