Merge branch 'master' into patch-1

Author: ZingadePrathamesh

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -1 +1 @@
-* @yanglbme @vil02 @BamaCharanChhandogi @alxkm
+* @yanglbme @vil02 @BamaCharanChhandogi @alxkm @siriak

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ com.thealgorithms.datastructures.crdt.LWWElementSet=UselessParentheses
 com.thealgorithms.datastructures.crdt.Pair=UnusedPrivateField
 com.thealgorithms.datastructures.graphs.AStar=UselessParentheses
 com.thealgorithms.datastructures.graphs.AdjacencyMatrixGraph=CollapsibleIfStatements,UnnecessaryFullyQualifiedName,UselessParentheses
-com.thealgorithms.datastructures.graphs.BipartiteGrapfDFS=CollapsibleIfStatements
+com.thealgorithms.datastructures.graphs.BipartiteGraphDFS=CollapsibleIfStatements
 com.thealgorithms.datastructures.graphs.Kruskal=UselessParentheses
 com.thealgorithms.datastructures.hashmap.hashing.HashMapCuckooHashing=UselessParentheses
 com.thealgorithms.datastructures.heaps.FibonacciHeap=UselessParentheses

pmd-exclude.properties

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
             <dependency>
                 <groupId>org.junit</groupId>
                 <artifactId>junit-bom</artifactId>
-                <version>5.10.3</version>
+                <version>5.11.0</version>
                 <type>pom</type>
                 <scope>import</scope>
             </dependency>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
             <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
-            <version>5.10.3</version>
+            <version>5.11.0</version>
             <scope>test</scope>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
             <artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
-            <version>5.10.3</version>
+            <version>5.11.0</version>
             <scope>test</scope>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
             <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId>
-            <version>3.16.0</version>
+            <version>3.17.0</version>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
         <plugins>
             <plugin>
                 <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
-                <version>3.3.1</version>
+                <version>3.5.0</version>
                 <configuration>
                     <forkNode implementation="org.apache.maven.plugin.surefire.extensions.SurefireForkNodeFactory"/>
                 </configuration>
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
             <plugin>
                 <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                 <artifactId>maven-checkstyle-plugin</artifactId>
-                <version>3.4.0</version>
+                <version>3.5.0</version>
                 <configuration>
                     <configLocation>checkstyle.xml</configLocation>
                     <consoleOutput>true</consoleOutput>
@@ -118,14 +118,14 @@
                     <dependency>
                     <groupId>com.puppycrawl.tools</groupId>
                     <artifactId>checkstyle</artifactId>
-                    <version>10.17.0</version>
+                    <version>10.18.1</version>
                     </dependency>
                 </dependencies>
             </plugin>
             <plugin>
                 <groupId>com.github.spotbugs</groupId>
                 <artifactId>spotbugs-maven-plugin</artifactId>
-                <version>4.8.6.2</version>
+                <version>4.8.6.3</version>
                 <configuration>
                     <excludeFilterFile>spotbugs-exclude.xml</excludeFilterFile>
                     <includeTests>true</includeTests>
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
             <plugin>
                 <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                 <artifactId>maven-pmd-plugin</artifactId>
-                <version>3.24.0</version>
+                <version>3.25.0</version>
                 <configuration>
                     <printFailingErrors>true</printFailingErrors>
                     <includeTests>true</includeTests>

pom.xml

@@ -36,13 +36,10 @@ public final class NQueens {
     private NQueens() {
     }
 
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        placeQueens(1);
-        placeQueens(2);
-        placeQueens(3);
-        placeQueens(4);
-        placeQueens(5);
-        placeQueens(6);
+    public static List<List<String>> getNQueensArrangements(int queens) {
+        List<List<String>> arrangements = new ArrayList<>();
+        getSolution(queens, arrangements, new int[queens], 0);
+        return arrangements;
     }
 
     public static void placeQueens(final int queens) {

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/backtracking/NQueens.java

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ private ParenthesesGenerator() {
      */
     public static List<String> generateParentheses(final int n) {
         if (n < 0) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The number of pairs of parentheses cannot be nagative");
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The number of pairs of parentheses cannot be negative");
         }
         List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
         generateParenthesesHelper(result, "", 0, 0, n);

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/backtracking/ParenthesesGenerator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.conversions;
+
+public final class AffineConverter {
+    private final double slope;
+    private final double intercept;
+    public AffineConverter(final double inSlope, final double inIntercept) {
+        slope = inSlope;
+        intercept = inIntercept;
+    }
+
+    public double convert(final double inValue) {
+        return slope * inValue + intercept;
+    }
+
+    public AffineConverter invert() {
+        assert slope != 0.0;
+        return new AffineConverter(1.0 / slope, -intercept / slope);
+    }
+
+    public AffineConverter compose(final AffineConverter other) {
+        return new AffineConverter(slope * other.slope, slope * other.intercept + intercept);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/conversions/AffineConverter.java

@@ -3,54 +3,50 @@
 /**
  * @author Varun Upadhyay (<a href="https://github.com/varunu28">...</a>)
  */
-// Driver program
 public final class AnyBaseToDecimal {
-    private AnyBaseToDecimal() {
-    }
+    private static final int CHAR_OFFSET_FOR_DIGIT = '0';
+    private static final int CHAR_OFFSET_FOR_UPPERCASE = 'A' - 10;
 
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        assert convertToDecimal("1010", 2) == Integer.valueOf("1010", 2);
-        assert convertToDecimal("777", 8) == Integer.valueOf("777", 8);
-        assert convertToDecimal("999", 10) == Integer.valueOf("999", 10);
-        assert convertToDecimal("ABCDEF", 16) == Integer.valueOf("ABCDEF", 16);
-        assert convertToDecimal("XYZ", 36) == Integer.valueOf("XYZ", 36);
+    private AnyBaseToDecimal() {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Convert any radix to decimal number
+     * Convert any radix to a decimal number.
      *
-     * @param s the string to be convert
-     * @param radix the radix
-     * @return decimal of bits
-     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code bits} or {@code radix} is invalid
+     * @param input the string to be converted
+     * @param radix the radix (base) of the input string
+     * @return the decimal equivalent of the input string
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if the input string or radix is invalid
      */
-    public static int convertToDecimal(String s, int radix) {
-        int num = 0;
-        int pow = 1;
+    public static int convertToDecimal(String input, int radix) {
+        int result = 0;
+        int power = 1;
 
-        for (int i = s.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-            int digit = valOfChar(s.charAt(i));
+        for (int i = input.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            int digit = valOfChar(input.charAt(i));
             if (digit >= radix) {
-                throw new NumberFormatException("For input string " + s);
+                throw new NumberFormatException("For input string: " + input);
             }
-            num += valOfChar(s.charAt(i)) * pow;
-            pow *= radix;
+            result += digit * power;
+            power *= radix;
         }
-        return num;
+        return result;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Convert character to integer
+     * Convert a character to its integer value.
      *
-     * @param c the character
-     * @return represented digit of given character
-     * @throws NumberFormatException if {@code ch} is not UpperCase or Digit
-     * character.
+     * @param character the character to be converted
+     * @return the integer value represented by the character
+     * @throws NumberFormatException if the character is not an uppercase letter or a digit
      */
-    public static int valOfChar(char c) {
-        if (!(Character.isUpperCase(c) || Character.isDigit(c))) {
-            throw new NumberFormatException("invalid character :" + c);
+    private static int valOfChar(char character) {
+        if (Character.isDigit(character)) {
+            return character - CHAR_OFFSET_FOR_DIGIT;
+        } else if (Character.isUpperCase(character)) {
+            return character - CHAR_OFFSET_FOR_UPPERCASE;
+        } else {
+            throw new NumberFormatException("invalid character:" + character);
         }
-        return Character.isDigit(c) ? c - '0' : c - 'A' + 10;
     }
 }

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/conversions/AnyBaseToDecimal.java

@@ -1,37 +1,33 @@
 package com.thealgorithms.conversions;
 
-import java.util.Scanner;
-
 /**
  * This class converts a Binary number to a Decimal number
  */
 final class BinaryToDecimal {
-    private BinaryToDecimal() {
-    }
+    private static final int BINARY_BASE = 2;
 
-    public static long binaryToDecimal(long binNum) {
-        long binCopy;
-        long d;
-        long s = 0;
-        long power = 0;
-        binCopy = binNum;
-        while (binCopy != 0) {
-            d = binCopy % 10;
-            s += d * (long) Math.pow(2, power++);
-            binCopy /= 10;
-        }
-        return s;
+    private BinaryToDecimal() {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Main Method
+     * Converts a binary number to its decimal equivalent.
      *
-     * @param args Command line arguments
+     * @param binaryNumber The binary number to convert.
+     * @return The decimal equivalent of the binary number.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If the binary number contains digits other than 0 and 1.
      */
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
-        System.out.print("Binary number: ");
-        System.out.println("Decimal equivalent:" + binaryToDecimal(sc.nextLong()));
-        sc.close();
+    public static long binaryToDecimal(long binaryNumber) {
+        long decimalValue = 0;
+        long power = 0;
+
+        while (binaryNumber != 0) {
+            long digit = binaryNumber % 10;
+            if (digit > 1) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Incorrect binary digit: " + digit);
+            }
+            decimalValue += (long) (digit * Math.pow(BINARY_BASE, power++));
+            binaryNumber /= 10;
+        }
+        return decimalValue;
     }
 }

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/conversions/BinaryToDecimal.java

@@ -1,60 +1,63 @@
 package com.thealgorithms.conversions;
 
 import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.Scanner;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
  * Converts any Binary Number to a Hexadecimal Number
  *
  * @author Nishita Aggarwal
  */
 public final class BinaryToHexadecimal {
+    private static final int BITS_IN_HEX_DIGIT = 4;
+    private static final int BASE_BINARY = 2;
+    private static final int BASE_DECIMAL = 10;
+    private static final int HEX_START_DECIMAL = 10;
+    private static final int HEX_END_DECIMAL = 15;
+
     private BinaryToHexadecimal() {
     }
 
     /**
-     * This method converts a binary number to a hexadecimal number.
+     * Converts a binary number to a hexadecimal number.
      *
-     * @param binary The binary number
-     * @return The hexadecimal number
+     * @param binary The binary number to convert.
+     * @return The hexadecimal representation of the binary number.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException If the binary number contains digits other than 0 and 1.
      */
-    static String binToHex(int binary) {
-        // hm to store hexadecimal codes for binary numbers within the range: 0000 to 1111 i.e. for
-        // decimal numbers 0 to 15
-        HashMap<Integer, String> hm = new HashMap<>();
-        // String to store hexadecimal code
-        String hex = "";
-        int i;
-        for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-            hm.put(i, String.valueOf(i));
-        }
-        for (i = 10; i < 16; i++) {
-            hm.put(i, String.valueOf((char) ('A' + i - 10)));
-        }
-        int currbit;
+    public static String binToHex(int binary) {
+        Map<Integer, String> hexMap = initializeHexMap();
+        StringBuilder hex = new StringBuilder();
+
         while (binary != 0) {
-            int code4 = 0; // to store decimal equivalent of number formed by 4 decimal digits
-            for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-                currbit = binary % 10;
-                binary = binary / 10;
-                code4 += currbit * (int) Math.pow(2, i);
+            int decimalValue = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < BITS_IN_HEX_DIGIT; i++) {
+                int currentBit = binary % BASE_DECIMAL;
+                if (currentBit > 1) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Incorrect binary digit: " + currentBit);
+                }
+                binary /= BASE_DECIMAL;
+                decimalValue += (int) (currentBit * Math.pow(BASE_BINARY, i));
             }
-            hex = hm.get(code4) + hex;
+            hex.insert(0, hexMap.get(decimalValue));
         }
-        return hex;
+
+        return !hex.isEmpty() ? hex.toString() : "0";
     }
 
     /**
-     * Main method
+     * Initializes the hexadecimal map with decimal to hexadecimal mappings.
      *
-     * @param args Command line arguments
+     * @return The initialized map containing mappings from decimal numbers to hexadecimal digits.
      */
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
-        System.out.println("Enter binary number:");
-        int binary = sc.nextInt();
-        String hex = binToHex(binary);
-        System.out.println("Hexadecimal Code:" + hex);
-        sc.close();
+    private static Map<Integer, String> initializeHexMap() {
+        Map<Integer, String> hexMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < BASE_DECIMAL; i++) {
+            hexMap.put(i, String.valueOf(i));
+        }
+        for (int i = HEX_START_DECIMAL; i <= HEX_END_DECIMAL; i++) {
+            hexMap.put(i, String.valueOf((char) ('A' + i - HEX_START_DECIMAL)));
+        }
+        return hexMap;
     }
 }