strptime.pyx

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""Strptime-related classes and functions.
"""
import time
import locale
import calendar
import re
from datetime import date as datetime_date


# Python 2 vs Python 3
try:
    from thread import allocate_lock as _thread_allocate_lock
except:
    try:
        from _thread import allocate_lock as _thread_allocate_lock
    except:
        try:
            from dummy_thread import allocate_lock as _thread_allocate_lock
        except:
            from _dummy_thread import allocate_lock as _thread_allocate_lock


import pytz

import numpy as np
from numpy cimport int64_t


from pandas._libs.tslibs.np_datetime cimport (
    check_dts_bounds, dtstruct_to_dt64, npy_datetimestruct)

from pandas._libs.tslibs.util cimport is_string_object

from pandas._libs.tslibs.nattype cimport checknull_with_nat, NPY_NAT
from pandas._libs.tslibs.nattype import nat_strings

cdef dict _parse_code_table = {'y': 0,
                               'Y': 1,
                               'm': 2,
                               'B': 3,
                               'b': 4,
                               'd': 5,
                               'H': 6,
                               'I': 7,
                               'M': 8,
                               'S': 9,
                               'f': 10,
                               'A': 11,
                               'a': 12,
                               'w': 13,
                               'j': 14,
                               'U': 15,
                               'W': 16,
                               'Z': 17,
                               'p': 18,  # an additional key, only with I
                               'z': 19,
                               'G': 20,
                               'V': 21,
                               'u': 22}


def array_strptime(object[:] values, object fmt,
                   bint exact=True, errors='raise'):
    """
    Calculates the datetime structs represented by the passed array of strings

    Parameters
    ----------
    values : ndarray of string-like objects
    fmt : string-like regex
    exact : matches must be exact if True, search if False
    errors : string specifying error handling, {'raise', 'ignore', 'coerce'}
    """

    cdef:
        Py_ssize_t i, n = len(values)
        npy_datetimestruct dts
        int64_t[:] iresult
        object[:] result_timezone
        int year, month, day, minute, hour, second, weekday, julian
        int week_of_year, week_of_year_start, parse_code, ordinal
        int iso_week, iso_year
        int64_t us, ns
        object val, group_key, ampm, found, timezone
        dict found_key
        bint is_raise = errors=='raise'
        bint is_ignore = errors=='ignore'
        bint is_coerce = errors=='coerce'

    assert is_raise or is_ignore or is_coerce

    if fmt is not None:
        if '%W' in fmt or '%U' in fmt:
            if '%Y' not in fmt and '%y' not in fmt:
                raise ValueError("Cannot use '%W' or '%U' without "
                                 "day and year")
            if ('%A' not in fmt and '%a' not in fmt and '%w' not
                    in fmt):
                raise ValueError("Cannot use '%W' or '%U' without "
                                 "day and year")
        elif '%Z' in fmt and '%z' in fmt:
            raise ValueError("Cannot parse both %Z and %z")

    global _TimeRE_cache, _regex_cache
    with _cache_lock:
        if _getlang() != _TimeRE_cache.locale_time.lang:
            _TimeRE_cache = TimeRE()
            _regex_cache.clear()
        if len(_regex_cache) > _CACHE_MAX_SIZE:
            _regex_cache.clear()
        locale_time = _TimeRE_cache.locale_time
        format_regex = _regex_cache.get(fmt)
        if not format_regex:
            try:
                format_regex = _TimeRE_cache.compile(fmt)
            # KeyError raised when a bad format is found; can be specified as
            # \\, in which case it was a stray % but with a space after it
            except KeyError, err:
                bad_directive = err.args[0]
                if bad_directive == "\\":
                    bad_directive = "%"
                del err
                raise ValueError("'%s' is a bad directive in format '%s'" %
                                 (bad_directive, fmt))
            # IndexError only occurs when the format string is "%"
            except IndexError:
                raise ValueError("stray %% in format '%s'" % fmt)
            _regex_cache[fmt] = format_regex

    result = np.empty(n, dtype='M8[ns]')
    iresult = result.view('i8')
    result_timezone = np.empty(n, dtype='object')

    dts.us = dts.ps = dts.as = 0

    for i in range(n):
        val = values[i]
        if is_string_object(val):
            if val in nat_strings:
                iresult[i] = NPY_NAT
                continue
        else:
            if checknull_with_nat(val):
                iresult[i] = NPY_NAT
                continue
            else:
                val = str(val)

        # exact matching
        if exact:
            found = format_regex.match(val)
            if not found:
                if is_coerce:
                    iresult[i] = NPY_NAT
                    continue
                raise ValueError("time data %r does not match "
                                 "format %r (match)" % (values[i], fmt))
            if len(val) != found.end():
                if is_coerce:
                    iresult[i] = NPY_NAT
                    continue
                raise ValueError("unconverted data remains: %s" %
                                 values[i][found.end():])

        # search
        else:
            found = format_regex.search(val)
            if not found:
                if is_coerce:
                    iresult[i] = NPY_NAT
                    continue
                raise ValueError("time data %r does not match format "
                                 "%r (search)" % (values[i], fmt))

        iso_year = -1
        year = 1900
        month = day = 1
        hour = minute = second = ns = us = 0
        timezone = None
        # Default to -1 to signify that values not known; not critical to have,
        # though
        iso_week = week_of_year = -1
        week_of_year_start = -1
        # weekday and julian defaulted to -1 so as to signal need to calculate
        # values
        weekday = julian = -1
        found_dict = found.groupdict()
        for group_key in found_dict.iterkeys():
            # Directives not explicitly handled below:
            #   c, x, X
            #      handled by making out of other directives
            #   U, W
            #      worthless without day of the week
            parse_code = _parse_code_table[group_key]

            if parse_code == 0:
                year = int(found_dict['y'])
                # Open Group specification for strptime() states that a %y
                # value in the range of [00, 68] is in the century 2000, while
                # [69,99] is in the century 1900
                if year <= 68:
                    year += 2000
                else:
                    year += 1900
            elif parse_code == 1:
                year = int(found_dict['Y'])
            elif parse_code == 2:
                month = int(found_dict['m'])
            elif parse_code == 3:
            # elif group_key == 'B':
                month = locale_time.f_month.index(found_dict['B'].lower())
            elif parse_code == 4:
            # elif group_key == 'b':
                month = locale_time.a_month.index(found_dict['b'].lower())
            elif parse_code == 5:
            # elif group_key == 'd':
                day = int(found_dict['d'])
            elif parse_code == 6:
            # elif group_key == 'H':
                hour = int(found_dict['H'])
            elif parse_code == 7:
                hour = int(found_dict['I'])
                ampm = found_dict.get('p', '').lower()
                # If there was no AM/PM indicator, we'll treat this like AM
                if ampm in ('', locale_time.am_pm[0]):
                    # We're in AM so the hour is correct unless we're
                    # looking at 12 midnight.
                    # 12 midnight == 12 AM == hour 0
                    if hour == 12:
                        hour = 0
                elif ampm == locale_time.am_pm[1]:
                    # We're in PM so we need to add 12 to the hour unless
                    # we're looking at 12 noon.
                    # 12 noon == 12 PM == hour 12
                    if hour != 12:
                        hour += 12
            elif parse_code == 8:
                minute = int(found_dict['M'])
            elif parse_code == 9:
                second = int(found_dict['S'])
            elif parse_code == 10:
                s = found_dict['f']
                # Pad to always return nanoseconds
                s += "0" * (9 - len(s))
                us = long(s)
                ns = us % 1000
                us = us / 1000
            elif parse_code == 11:
                weekday = locale_time.f_weekday.index(found_dict['A'].lower())
            elif parse_code == 12:
                weekday = locale_time.a_weekday.index(found_dict['a'].lower())
            elif parse_code == 13:
                weekday = int(found_dict['w'])
                if weekday == 0:
                    weekday = 6
                else:
                    weekday -= 1
            elif parse_code == 14:
                julian = int(found_dict['j'])
            elif parse_code == 15 or parse_code == 16:
                week_of_year = int(found_dict[group_key])
                if group_key == 'U':
                    # U starts week on Sunday.
                    week_of_year_start = 6
                else:
                    # W starts week on Monday.
                    week_of_year_start = 0
            elif parse_code == 17:
                timezone = pytz.timezone(found_dict['Z'])
            elif parse_code == 19:
                timezone = parse_timezone_directive(found_dict['z'])
            elif parse_code == 20:
                iso_year = int(found_dict['G'])
            elif parse_code == 21:
                iso_week = int(found_dict['V'])
            elif parse_code == 22:
                weekday = int(found_dict['u'])
                weekday -= 1

        # don't assume default values for ISO week/year
        if iso_year != -1:
            if iso_week == -1 or weekday == -1:
                raise ValueError("ISO year directive '%G' must be used with "
                                 "the ISO week directive '%V' and a weekday "
                                 "directive '%A', '%a', '%w', or '%u'.")
            if julian != -1:
                raise ValueError("Day of the year directive '%j' is not "
                                 "compatible with ISO year directive '%G'. "
                                 "Use '%Y' instead.")
        elif year != -1 and week_of_year == -1 and iso_week != -1:
            if weekday == -1:
                raise ValueError("ISO week directive '%V' must be used with "
                                 "the ISO year directive '%G' and a weekday "
                                 "directive '%A', '%a', '%w', or '%u'.")
            else:
                raise ValueError("ISO week directive '%V' is incompatible with"
                                 " the year directive '%Y'. Use the ISO year "
                                 "'%G' instead.")

        # If we know the wk of the year and what day of that wk, we can figure
        # out the Julian day of the year.
        if julian == -1 and weekday != -1:
            if week_of_year != -1:
                week_starts_Mon = True if week_of_year_start == 0 else False
                julian = _calc_julian_from_U_or_W(year, week_of_year, weekday,
                                                week_starts_Mon)
            elif iso_year != -1 and iso_week != -1:
                year, julian = _calc_julian_from_V(iso_year, iso_week,
                                                weekday + 1)
        # Cannot pre-calculate datetime_date() since can change in Julian
        # calculation and thus could have different value for the day of the wk
        # calculation.
        try:
            if julian == -1:
                # Need to add 1 to result since first day of the year is 1, not
                # 0.
                ordinal = datetime_date(year, month, day).toordinal()
                julian = ordinal - datetime_date(year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1
            else:
                # Assume that if they bothered to include Julian day it will
                # be accurate.
                datetime_result = datetime_date.fromordinal(
                    (julian - 1) + datetime_date(year, 1, 1).toordinal())
                year = datetime_result.year
                month = datetime_result.month
                day = datetime_result.day
        except ValueError:
            if is_coerce:
                iresult[i] = NPY_NAT
                continue
            raise
        if weekday == -1:
            weekday = datetime_date(year, month, day).weekday()

        dts.year = year
        dts.month = month
        dts.day = day
        dts.hour = hour
        dts.min = minute
        dts.sec = second
        dts.us = us
        dts.ps = ns * 1000

        iresult[i] = dtstruct_to_dt64(&dts)
        try:
            check_dts_bounds(&dts)
        except ValueError:
            if is_coerce:
                iresult[i] = NPY_NAT
                continue
            raise

        result_timezone[i] = timezone

    return result, result_timezone.base


"""_getlang, LocaleTime, TimeRE, _calc_julian_from_U_or_W are vendored
from the standard library, see
https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/_strptime.py
The original module-level docstring follows.

Strptime-related classes and functions.
CLASSES:
    LocaleTime -- Discovers and stores locale-specific time information
    TimeRE -- Creates regexes for pattern matching a string of text containing
                time information
FUNCTIONS:
    _getlang -- Figure out what language is being used for the locale
    strptime -- Calculates the time struct represented by the passed-in string
"""


def _getlang():
    """Figure out what language is being used for the locale"""
    return locale.getlocale(locale.LC_TIME)


class LocaleTime(object):
    """Stores and handles locale-specific information related to time.

    ATTRIBUTES:
        f_weekday -- full weekday names (7-item list)
        a_weekday -- abbreviated weekday names (7-item list)
        f_month -- full month names (13-item list; dummy value in [0], which
                    is added by code)
        a_month -- abbreviated month names (13-item list, dummy value in
                    [0], which is added by code)
        am_pm -- AM/PM representation (2-item list)
        LC_date_time -- format string for date/time representation (string)
        LC_date -- format string for date representation (string)
        LC_time -- format string for time representation (string)
        timezone -- daylight- and non-daylight-savings timezone representation
                    (2-item list of sets)
        lang -- Language used by instance (2-item tuple)
    """

    def __init__(self):
        """Set all attributes.

        Order of methods called matters for dependency reasons.

        The locale language is set at the offset and then checked again before
        exiting.  This is to make sure that the attributes were not set with a
        mix of information from more than one locale.  This would most likely
        happen when using threads where one thread calls a locale-dependent
        function while another thread changes the locale while the function in
        the other thread is still running.  Proper coding would call for
        locks to prevent changing the locale while locale-dependent code is
        running.  The check here is done in case someone does not think about
        doing this.

        Only other possible issue is if someone changed the timezone and did
        not call tz.tzset .  That is an issue for the programmer, though,
        since changing the timezone is worthless without that call.

        """
        self.lang = _getlang()
        self.__calc_weekday()
        self.__calc_month()
        self.__calc_am_pm()
        self.__calc_timezone()
        self.__calc_date_time()
        if _getlang() != self.lang:
            raise ValueError("locale changed during initialization")

    def __pad(self, seq, front):
        # Add '' to seq to either the front (is True), else the back.
        seq = list(seq)
        if front:
            seq.insert(0, '')
        else:
            seq.append('')
        return seq

    def __calc_weekday(self):
        # Set self.a_weekday and self.f_weekday using the calendar
        # module.
        a_weekday = [calendar.day_abbr[i].lower() for i in range(7)]
        f_weekday = [calendar.day_name[i].lower() for i in range(7)]
        self.a_weekday = a_weekday
        self.f_weekday = f_weekday

    def __calc_month(self):
        # Set self.f_month and self.a_month using the calendar module.
        a_month = [calendar.month_abbr[i].lower() for i in range(13)]
        f_month = [calendar.month_name[i].lower() for i in range(13)]
        self.a_month = a_month
        self.f_month = f_month

    def __calc_am_pm(self):
        # Set self.am_pm by using time.strftime().

        # The magic date (1999,3,17,hour,44,55,2,76,0) is not really that
        # magical; just happened to have used it everywhere else where a
        # static date was needed.
        am_pm = []
        for hour in (01, 22):
            time_tuple = time.struct_time(
                (1999, 3, 17, hour, 44, 55, 2, 76, 0))
            am_pm.append(time.strftime("%p", time_tuple).lower())
        self.am_pm = am_pm

    def __calc_date_time(self):
        # Set self.date_time, self.date, & self.time by using
        # time.strftime().

        # Use (1999,3,17,22,44,55,2,76,0) for magic date because the amount of
        # overloaded numbers is minimized.  The order in which searches for
        # values within the format string is very important; it eliminates
        # possible ambiguity for what something represents.
        time_tuple = time.struct_time((1999, 3, 17, 22, 44, 55, 2, 76, 0))
        date_time = [None, None, None]
        date_time[0] = time.strftime("%c", time_tuple).lower()
        date_time[1] = time.strftime("%x", time_tuple).lower()
        date_time[2] = time.strftime("%X", time_tuple).lower()
        replacement_pairs = [('%', '%%'), (self.f_weekday[2], '%A'),
                             (self.f_month[3], '%B'),
                             (self.a_weekday[2], '%a'),
                             (self.a_month[3], '%b'), (self.am_pm[1], '%p'),
                             ('1999', '%Y'), ('99', '%y'), ('22', '%H'),
                             ('44', '%M'), ('55', '%S'), ('76', '%j'),
                             ('17', '%d'), ('03', '%m'), ('3', '%m'),
                             # '3' needed for when no leading zero.
                             ('2', '%w'), ('10', '%I')]
        replacement_pairs.extend([(tz, "%Z") for tz_values in self.timezone
                                  for tz in tz_values])
        for offset, directive in ((0, '%c'), (1, '%x'), (2, '%X')):
            current_format = date_time[offset]
            for old, new in replacement_pairs:
                # Must deal with possible lack of locale info
                # manifesting itself as the empty string (e.g., Swedish's
                # lack of AM/PM info) or a platform returning a tuple of empty
                # strings (e.g., MacOS 9 having timezone as ('','')).
                if old:
                    current_format = current_format.replace(old, new)
            # If %W is used, then Sunday, 2005-01-03 will fall on week 0 since
            # 2005-01-03 occurs before the first Monday of the year.  Otherwise
            # %U is used.
            time_tuple = time.struct_time((1999, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 6, 3, 0))
            if '00' in time.strftime(directive, time_tuple):
                U_W = '%W'
            else:
                U_W = '%U'
            date_time[offset] = current_format.replace('11', U_W)
        self.LC_date_time = date_time[0]
        self.LC_date = date_time[1]
        self.LC_time = date_time[2]

    def __calc_timezone(self):
        # Set self.timezone by using time.tzname.
        # Do not worry about possibility of time.tzname[0] == timetzname[1]
        # and time.daylight; handle that in strptime .
        try:
            time.tzset()
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        no_saving = frozenset(["utc", "gmt", time.tzname[0].lower()])
        if time.daylight:
            has_saving = frozenset([time.tzname[1].lower()])
        else:
            has_saving = frozenset()
        self.timezone = (no_saving, has_saving)


class TimeRE(dict):
    """
    Handle conversion from format directives to regexes.

    Creates regexes for pattern matching a string of text containing
    time information
    """

    def __init__(self, locale_time=None):
        """Create keys/values.

        Order of execution is important for dependency reasons.

        """
        if locale_time:
            self.locale_time = locale_time
        else:
            self.locale_time = LocaleTime()
        base = super(TimeRE, self)
        base.__init__({
            # The " \d" part of the regex is to make %c from ANSI C work
            'd': r"(?P<d>3[0-1]|[1-2]\d|0[1-9]|[1-9]| [1-9])",
            'f': r"(?P<f>[0-9]{1,9})",
            'G': r"(?P<G>\d\d\d\d)",
            'H': r"(?P<H>2[0-3]|[0-1]\d|\d)",
            'I': r"(?P<I>1[0-2]|0[1-9]|[1-9])",
            'j': (r"(?P<j>36[0-6]|3[0-5]\d|[1-2]\d\d|0[1-9]\d|00[1-9]|"
                  r"[1-9]\d|0[1-9]|[1-9])"),
            'm': r"(?P<m>1[0-2]|0[1-9]|[1-9])",
            'M': r"(?P<M>[0-5]\d|\d)",
            'S': r"(?P<S>6[0-1]|[0-5]\d|\d)",
            'u': r"(?P<u>[1-7])",
            'U': r"(?P<U>5[0-3]|[0-4]\d|\d)",
            'V': r"(?P<V>5[0-3]|0[1-9]|[1-4]\d|\d)",
            'w': r"(?P<w>[0-6])",
            # W is set below by using 'U'
            'y': r"(?P<y>\d\d)",
            # XXX: Does 'Y' need to worry about having less or more than
            #     4 digits?
            'Y': r"(?P<Y>\d\d\d\d)",
            'z': r"(?P<z>[+-]\d\d:?[0-5]\d(:?[0-5]\d(\.\d{1,6})?)?|Z)",
            'A': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.f_weekday, 'A'),
            'a': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.a_weekday, 'a'),
            'B': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.f_month[1:], 'B'),
            'b': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.a_month[1:], 'b'),
            'p': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.am_pm, 'p'),
            'Z': self.__seqToRE(pytz.all_timezones, 'Z'),
            '%': '%'})
        base.__setitem__('W', base.__getitem__('U').replace('U', 'W'))
        base.__setitem__('c', self.pattern(self.locale_time.LC_date_time))
        base.__setitem__('x', self.pattern(self.locale_time.LC_date))
        base.__setitem__('X', self.pattern(self.locale_time.LC_time))

    def __seqToRE(self, to_convert, directive):
        """Convert a list to a regex string for matching a directive.

        Want possible matching values to be from longest to shortest.  This
        prevents the possibility of a match occurring for a value that also
        a substring of a larger value that should have matched (e.g., 'abc'
        matching when 'abcdef' should have been the match).

        """
        to_convert = sorted(to_convert, key=len, reverse=True)
        for value in to_convert:
            if value != '':
                break
        else:
            return ''
        regex = '|'.join(re.escape(stuff) for stuff in to_convert)
        regex = '(?P<%s>%s' % (directive, regex)
        return '%s)' % regex

    def pattern(self, format):
        """Return regex pattern for the format string.

        Need to make sure that any characters that might be interpreted as
        regex syntax are escaped.

        """
        processed_format = ''
        # The sub() call escapes all characters that might be misconstrued
        # as regex syntax.  Cannot use re.escape since we have to deal with
        # format directives (%m, etc.).
        regex_chars = re.compile(r"([\\.^$*+?\(\){}\[\]|])")
        format = regex_chars.sub(r"\\\1", format)
        whitespace_replacement = re.compile(r'\s+')
        format = whitespace_replacement.sub(r'\\s+', format)
        while '%' in format:
            directive_index = format.index('%') +1
            processed_format = "%s%s%s" % (processed_format,
                                           format[:directive_index -1],
                                           self[format[directive_index]])
            format = format[directive_index +1:]
        return "%s%s" % (processed_format, format)

    def compile(self, format):
        """Return a compiled re object for the format string."""
        return re.compile(self.pattern(format), re.IGNORECASE)


_cache_lock = _thread_allocate_lock()
# DO NOT modify _TimeRE_cache or _regex_cache without acquiring the cache lock
# first!
_TimeRE_cache = TimeRE()
_CACHE_MAX_SIZE = 5  # Max number of regexes stored in _regex_cache
_regex_cache = {}


cdef _calc_julian_from_U_or_W(int year, int week_of_year,
                              int day_of_week, int week_starts_Mon):
    """Calculate the Julian day based on the year, week of the year, and day of
    the week, with week_start_day representing whether the week of the year
    assumes the week starts on Sunday or Monday (6 or 0)."""

    cdef:
        int first_weekday, week_0_length, days_to_week

    first_weekday = datetime_date(year, 1, 1).weekday()
    # If we are dealing with the %U directive (week starts on Sunday), it's
    # easier to just shift the view to Sunday being the first day of the
    # week.
    if not week_starts_Mon:
        first_weekday = (first_weekday + 1) % 7
        day_of_week = (day_of_week + 1) % 7

    # Need to watch out for a week 0 (when the first day of the year is not
    # the same as that specified by %U or %W).
    week_0_length = (7 - first_weekday) % 7
    if week_of_year == 0:
        return 1 + day_of_week - first_weekday
    else:
        days_to_week = week_0_length + (7 * (week_of_year - 1))
        return 1 + days_to_week + day_of_week


cdef _calc_julian_from_V(int iso_year, int iso_week, int iso_weekday):
    """Calculate the Julian day based on the ISO 8601 year, week, and weekday.
    ISO weeks start on Mondays, with week 01 being the week containing 4 Jan.
    ISO week days range from 1 (Monday) to 7 (Sunday)."""

    cdef:
        int correction, ordinal

    correction = datetime_date(iso_year, 1, 4).isoweekday() + 3
    ordinal = (iso_week * 7) + iso_weekday - correction
    # ordinal may be negative or 0 now, which means the date is in the previous
    # calendar year
    if ordinal < 1:
        ordinal += datetime_date(iso_year, 1, 1).toordinal()
        iso_year -= 1
        ordinal -= datetime_date(iso_year, 1, 1).toordinal()
    return iso_year, ordinal


cdef parse_timezone_directive(object z):
    """
    Parse the '%z' directive and return a pytz.FixedOffset

    Parameters
    ----------
    z : string of the UTC offset

    Returns
    -------
    pytz.FixedOffset

    Notes
    -----
    This is essentially similar to the cpython implementation
    https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/_strptime.py#L457-L479
    """

    cdef:
        int gmtoff_fraction, hours, minutes, seconds, pad_number, microseconds
        int total_minutes
        object gmtoff_remainder, gmtoff_remainder_padding

    if z == 'Z':
        return pytz.FixedOffset(0)
    if z[3] == ':':
        z = z[:3] + z[4:]
        if len(z) > 5:
            if z[5] != ':':
                msg = "Inconsistent use of : in {0}"
                raise ValueError(msg.format(z))
            z = z[:5] + z[6:]
    hours = int(z[1:3])
    minutes = int(z[3:5])
    seconds = int(z[5:7] or 0)

    # Pad to always return microseconds.
    gmtoff_remainder = z[8:]
    pad_number = 6 - len(gmtoff_remainder)
    gmtoff_remainder_padding = "0" * pad_number
    microseconds = int(gmtoff_remainder + gmtoff_remainder_padding)

    total_minutes = ((hours * 60) + minutes + (seconds / 60) +
                     (microseconds / 60000000))
    total_minutes = -total_minutes if z.startswith("-") else total_minutes
    return pytz.FixedOffset(total_minutes)