timestamps.pyx

import sys
import warnings

import numpy as np
cimport numpy as cnp
from numpy cimport int64_t
cnp.import_array()

from datetime import time as datetime_time, timedelta
from cpython.datetime cimport (datetime,
                               PyTZInfo_Check, PyDateTime_IMPORT)
PyDateTime_IMPORT

from pandas._libs.tslibs.util cimport (
    is_integer_object, is_offset_object)

from pandas._libs.tslibs.c_timestamp cimport _Timestamp
cimport pandas._libs.tslibs.ccalendar as ccalendar
from pandas._libs.tslibs.ccalendar import DAY_SECONDS
from pandas._libs.tslibs.conversion import normalize_i8_timestamps
from pandas._libs.tslibs.conversion cimport (
    _TSObject, convert_to_tsobject,
    convert_datetime_to_tsobject)
from pandas._libs.tslibs.nattype cimport NPY_NAT, c_NaT as NaT
from pandas._libs.tslibs.np_datetime cimport (
    check_dts_bounds, npy_datetimestruct, dt64_to_dtstruct)
from pandas._libs.tslibs.offsets cimport to_offset
from pandas._libs.tslibs.timedeltas import Timedelta
from pandas._libs.tslibs.timezones cimport (
    is_utc, maybe_get_tz, treat_tz_as_pytz)
from pandas._libs.tslibs.timezones import UTC
from pandas._libs.tslibs.tzconversion import (
    tz_localize_to_utc, tz_convert_single)

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Constants
_zero_time = datetime_time(0, 0)
_no_input = object()

# ----------------------------------------------------------------------


cdef inline object create_timestamp_from_ts(int64_t value,
                                            npy_datetimestruct dts,
                                            object tz, object freq):
    """ convenience routine to construct a Timestamp from its parts """
    cdef _Timestamp ts_base
    ts_base = _Timestamp.__new__(Timestamp, dts.year, dts.month,
                                 dts.day, dts.hour, dts.min,
                                 dts.sec, dts.us, tz)
    ts_base.value = value
    ts_base.freq = freq
    ts_base.nanosecond = dts.ps // 1000

    return ts_base


class RoundTo:
    """
    enumeration defining the available rounding modes

    Attributes
    ----------
    MINUS_INFTY
        round towards -∞, or floor [2]_
    PLUS_INFTY
        round towards +∞, or ceil [3]_
    NEAREST_HALF_EVEN
        round to nearest, tie-break half to even [6]_
    NEAREST_HALF_MINUS_INFTY
        round to nearest, tie-break half to -∞ [5]_
    NEAREST_HALF_PLUS_INFTY
        round to nearest, tie-break half to +∞ [4]_


    References
    ----------
    .. [1] "Rounding - Wikipedia"
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding
    .. [2] "Rounding down"
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_down
    .. [3] "Rounding up"
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_up
    .. [4] "Round half up"
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Round_half_up
    .. [5] "Round half down"
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Round_half_down
    .. [6] "Round half to even"
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding#Round_half_to_even
    """
    @property
    def MINUS_INFTY(self) -> int:
        return 0

    @property
    def PLUS_INFTY(self) -> int:
        return 1

    @property
    def NEAREST_HALF_EVEN(self) -> int:
        return 2

    @property
    def NEAREST_HALF_PLUS_INFTY(self) -> int:
        return 3

    @property
    def NEAREST_HALF_MINUS_INFTY(self) -> int:
        return 4


cdef inline _floor_int64(values, unit):
    return values - np.remainder(values, unit)

cdef inline _ceil_int64(values, unit):
    return values + np.remainder(-values, unit)

cdef inline _rounddown_int64(values, unit):
    return _ceil_int64(values - unit//2, unit)

cdef inline _roundup_int64(values, unit):
    return _floor_int64(values + unit//2, unit)


def round_nsint64(values, mode, freq):
    """
    Applies rounding mode at given frequency

    Parameters
    ----------
    values : :obj:`ndarray`
    mode : instance of `RoundTo` enumeration
    freq : str, obj

    Returns
    -------
    :obj:`ndarray`
    """

    unit = to_offset(freq).nanos

    if mode == RoundTo.MINUS_INFTY:
        return _floor_int64(values, unit)
    elif mode == RoundTo.PLUS_INFTY:
        return _ceil_int64(values, unit)
    elif mode == RoundTo.NEAREST_HALF_MINUS_INFTY:
        return _rounddown_int64(values, unit)
    elif mode == RoundTo.NEAREST_HALF_PLUS_INFTY:
        return _roundup_int64(values, unit)
    elif mode == RoundTo.NEAREST_HALF_EVEN:
        # for odd unit there is no need of a tie break
        if unit % 2:
            return _rounddown_int64(values, unit)
        quotient, remainder = np.divmod(values, unit)
        mask = np.logical_or(
            remainder > (unit // 2),
            np.logical_and(remainder == (unit // 2), quotient % 2)
        )
        quotient[mask] += 1
        return quotient * unit

    # if/elif above should catch all rounding modes defined in enum 'RoundTo':
    # if flow of control arrives here, it is a bug
    raise ValueError("round_nsint64 called with an unrecognized "
                     "rounding mode")


# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Python front end to C extension type _Timestamp
# This serves as the box for datetime64


class Timestamp(_Timestamp):
    """
    Pandas replacement for python datetime.datetime object.

    Timestamp is the pandas equivalent of python's Datetime
    and is interchangeable with it in most cases. It's the type used
    for the entries that make up a DatetimeIndex, and other timeseries
    oriented data structures in pandas.

    Parameters
    ----------
    ts_input : datetime-like, str, int, float
        Value to be converted to Timestamp.
    freq : str, DateOffset
        Offset which Timestamp will have.
    tz : str, pytz.timezone, dateutil.tz.tzfile or None
        Time zone for time which Timestamp will have.
    unit : str
        Unit used for conversion if ts_input is of type int or float. The
        valid values are 'D', 'h', 'm', 's', 'ms', 'us', and 'ns'. For
        example, 's' means seconds and 'ms' means milliseconds.
    year, month, day : int
    hour, minute, second, microsecond : int, optional, default 0
    nanosecond : int, optional, default 0
        .. versionadded:: 0.23.0
    tzinfo : datetime.tzinfo, optional, default None

    Notes
    -----
    There are essentially three calling conventions for the constructor. The
    primary form accepts four parameters. They can be passed by position or
    keyword.

    The other two forms mimic the parameters from ``datetime.datetime``. They
    can be passed by either position or keyword, but not both mixed together.

    Examples
    --------
    Using the primary calling convention:

    This converts a datetime-like string

    >>> pd.Timestamp('2017-01-01T12')
    Timestamp('2017-01-01 12:00:00')

    This converts a float representing a Unix epoch in units of seconds

    >>> pd.Timestamp(1513393355.5, unit='s')
    Timestamp('2017-12-16 03:02:35.500000')

    This converts an int representing a Unix-epoch in units of seconds
    and for a particular timezone

    >>> pd.Timestamp(1513393355, unit='s', tz='US/Pacific')
    Timestamp('2017-12-15 19:02:35-0800', tz='US/Pacific')

    Using the other two forms that mimic the API for ``datetime.datetime``:

    >>> pd.Timestamp(2017, 1, 1, 12)
    Timestamp('2017-01-01 12:00:00')

    >>> pd.Timestamp(year=2017, month=1, day=1, hour=12)
    Timestamp('2017-01-01 12:00:00')
    """

    @classmethod
    def fromordinal(cls, ordinal, freq=None, tz=None):
        """
        Timestamp.fromordinal(ordinal, freq=None, tz=None)

        Passed an ordinal, translate and convert to a ts.
        Note: by definition there cannot be any tz info on the ordinal itself.

        Parameters
        ----------
        ordinal : int
            Date corresponding to a proleptic Gregorian ordinal.
        freq : str, DateOffset
            Offset to apply to the Timestamp.
        tz : str, pytz.timezone, dateutil.tz.tzfile or None
            Time zone for the Timestamp.
        """
        return cls(datetime.fromordinal(ordinal),
                   freq=freq, tz=tz)

    @classmethod
    def now(cls, tz=None):
        """
        Timestamp.now(tz=None)

        Return new Timestamp object representing current time local to
        tz.

        Parameters
        ----------
        tz : str or timezone object, default None
            Timezone to localize to.
        """
        if isinstance(tz, str):
            tz = maybe_get_tz(tz)
        return cls(datetime.now(tz))

    @classmethod
    def today(cls, tz=None):
        """
        Timestamp.today(cls, tz=None)

        Return the current time in the local timezone.  This differs
        from datetime.today() in that it can be localized to a
        passed timezone.

        Parameters
        ----------
        tz : str or timezone object, default None
            Timezone to localize to.
        """
        return cls.now(tz)

    @classmethod
    def utcnow(cls):
        """
        Timestamp.utcnow()

        Return a new Timestamp representing UTC day and time.
        """
        return cls.now(UTC)

    @classmethod
    def utcfromtimestamp(cls, ts):
        """
        Timestamp.utcfromtimestamp(ts)

        Construct a naive UTC datetime from a POSIX timestamp.
        """
        return cls(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(ts))

    @classmethod
    def fromtimestamp(cls, ts):
        """
        Timestamp.fromtimestamp(ts)

        timestamp[, tz] -> tz's local time from POSIX timestamp.
        """
        return cls(datetime.fromtimestamp(ts))

    # Issue 25016.
    @classmethod
    def strptime(cls, date_string, format):
        """
        Timestamp.strptime(string, format)

        Function is not implemented. Use pd.to_datetime().
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("Timestamp.strptime() is not implemented."
                                  "Use to_datetime() to parse date strings.")

    @classmethod
    def combine(cls, date, time):
        """
        Timestamp.combine(date, time)

        date, time -> datetime with same date and time fields.
        """
        return cls(datetime.combine(date, time))

    @classmethod
    def fromisocalendar(cls, year, week, day):
        """
        Timestamp.fromisocalendar(year, week, day)

        Return a new Timestamp corresponding to the
        ISO calendar date specified by year, week and day.

        Parameters
        ----------
        year: int
            Representing a year.
        week : int
            Value between 1-53, representing a week in a year.
        day : int
            Value between 1-7, representing a day in the week.

        Returns
        -------
        Timestamp

        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError
            If the running platform is a Python version earlier than 3.8

        Notes
        -----
        `week` can have the value of 53, only when year is a leap year.
        """
        import pandas.compat as compat

        if not compat.PY38:
            raise NotImplementedError(
                "'fromisocalendar' is not supported for versions earlier than 3.8"
            )

        return cls(datetime.fromisocalendar(year, week, day))

    def __new__(
        cls,
        object ts_input=_no_input,
        object freq=None,
        tz=None,
        unit=None,
        year=None,
        month=None,
        day=None,
        hour=None,
        minute=None,
        second=None,
        microsecond=None,
        nanosecond=None,
        tzinfo=None
    ):
        # The parameter list folds together legacy parameter names (the first
        # four) and positional and keyword parameter names from pydatetime.
        #
        # There are three calling forms:
        #
        # - In the legacy form, the first parameter, ts_input, is required
        #   and may be datetime-like, str, int, or float. The second
        #   parameter, offset, is optional and may be str or DateOffset.
        #
        # - ints in the first, second, and third arguments indicate
        #   pydatetime positional arguments. Only the first 8 arguments
        #   (standing in for year, month, day, hour, minute, second,
        #   microsecond, tzinfo) may be non-None. As a shortcut, we just
        #   check that the second argument is an int.
        #
        # - Nones for the first four (legacy) arguments indicate pydatetime
        #   keyword arguments. year, month, and day are required. As a
        #   shortcut, we just check that the first argument was not passed.
        #
        # Mixing pydatetime positional and keyword arguments is forbidden!

        cdef _TSObject ts

        _date_attributes = [year, month, day, hour, minute, second,
                            microsecond, nanosecond]

        if tzinfo is not None:
            if not PyTZInfo_Check(tzinfo):
                # tzinfo must be a datetime.tzinfo object, GH#17690
                raise TypeError(f'tzinfo must be a datetime.tzinfo object, '
                                f'not {type(tzinfo)}')
            elif tz is not None:
                raise ValueError('Can provide at most one of tz, tzinfo')

            # User passed tzinfo instead of tz; avoid silently ignoring
            tz, tzinfo = tzinfo, None

        if isinstance(ts_input, str):
            # User passed a date string to parse.
            # Check that the user didn't also pass a date attribute kwarg.
            if any(arg is not None for arg in _date_attributes):
                raise ValueError('Cannot pass a date attribute keyword '
                                 'argument when passing a date string')

        elif ts_input is _no_input:
            # User passed keyword arguments.
            ts_input = datetime(year, month, day, hour or 0,
                                minute or 0, second or 0,
                                microsecond or 0)
        elif is_integer_object(freq):
            # User passed positional arguments:
            # Timestamp(year, month, day[, hour[, minute[, second[,
            # microsecond[, nanosecond[, tzinfo]]]]]])
            ts_input = datetime(ts_input, freq, tz, unit or 0,
                                year or 0, month or 0, day or 0)
            nanosecond = hour
            tz = minute
            freq = None

        if getattr(ts_input, 'tzinfo', None) is not None and tz is not None:
            raise ValueError("Cannot pass a datetime or Timestamp with tzinfo with "
                             "the tz parameter. Use tz_convert instead.")

        ts = convert_to_tsobject(ts_input, tz, unit, 0, 0, nanosecond or 0)

        if ts.value == NPY_NAT:
            return NaT

        if freq is None:
            # GH 22311: Try to extract the frequency of a given Timestamp input
            freq = getattr(ts_input, 'freq', None)
        elif not is_offset_object(freq):
            freq = to_offset(freq)

        return create_timestamp_from_ts(ts.value, ts.dts, ts.tzinfo, freq)

    def _round(self, freq, mode, ambiguous='raise', nonexistent='raise'):
        if self.tz is not None:
            value = self.tz_localize(None).value
        else:
            value = self.value

        value = np.array([value], dtype=np.int64)

        # Will only ever contain 1 element for timestamp
        r = round_nsint64(value, mode, freq)[0]
        result = Timestamp(r, unit='ns')
        if self.tz is not None:
            result = result.tz_localize(
                self.tz, ambiguous=ambiguous, nonexistent=nonexistent
            )
        return result

    def round(self, freq, ambiguous='raise', nonexistent='raise'):
        """
        Round the Timestamp to the specified resolution.

        Parameters
        ----------
        freq : str
            Frequency string indicating the rounding resolution.
        ambiguous : bool or {'raise', 'NaT'}, default 'raise'
            The behavior is as follows:

            * bool contains flags to determine if time is dst or not (note
              that this flag is only applicable for ambiguous fall dst dates).
            * 'NaT' will return NaT for an ambiguous time.
            * 'raise' will raise an AmbiguousTimeError for an ambiguous time.

            .. versionadded:: 0.24.0
        nonexistent : {'raise', 'shift_forward', 'shift_backward, 'NaT', \
timedelta}, default 'raise'
            A nonexistent time does not exist in a particular timezone
            where clocks moved forward due to DST.

            * 'shift_forward' will shift the nonexistent time forward to the
              closest existing time.
            * 'shift_backward' will shift the nonexistent time backward to the
              closest existing time.
            * 'NaT' will return NaT where there are nonexistent times.
            * timedelta objects will shift nonexistent times by the timedelta.
            * 'raise' will raise an NonExistentTimeError if there are
              nonexistent times.

            .. versionadded:: 0.24.0

        Returns
        -------
        a new Timestamp rounded to the given resolution of `freq`

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError if the freq cannot be converted
        """
        return self._round(
            freq, RoundTo.NEAREST_HALF_EVEN, ambiguous, nonexistent
        )

    def floor(self, freq, ambiguous='raise', nonexistent='raise'):
        """
        return a new Timestamp floored to this resolution.

        Parameters
        ----------
        freq : str
            Frequency string indicating the flooring resolution.
        ambiguous : bool or {'raise', 'NaT'}, default 'raise'
            The behavior is as follows:

            * bool contains flags to determine if time is dst or not (note
              that this flag is only applicable for ambiguous fall dst dates).
            * 'NaT' will return NaT for an ambiguous time.
            * 'raise' will raise an AmbiguousTimeError for an ambiguous time.

            .. versionadded:: 0.24.0
        nonexistent : {'raise', 'shift_forward', 'shift_backward, 'NaT', \
timedelta}, default 'raise'
            A nonexistent time does not exist in a particular timezone
            where clocks moved forward due to DST.

            * 'shift_forward' will shift the nonexistent time forward to the
              closest existing time.
            * 'shift_backward' will shift the nonexistent time backward to the
              closest existing time.
            * 'NaT' will return NaT where there are nonexistent times.
            * timedelta objects will shift nonexistent times by the timedelta.
            * 'raise' will raise an NonExistentTimeError if there are
              nonexistent times.

            .. versionadded:: 0.24.0

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError if the freq cannot be converted.
        """
        return self._round(freq, RoundTo.MINUS_INFTY, ambiguous, nonexistent)

    def ceil(self, freq, ambiguous='raise', nonexistent='raise'):
        """
        return a new Timestamp ceiled to this resolution.

        Parameters
        ----------
        freq : str
            Frequency string indicating the ceiling resolution.
        ambiguous : bool or {'raise', 'NaT'}, default 'raise'
            The behavior is as follows:

            * bool contains flags to determine if time is dst or not (note
              that this flag is only applicable for ambiguous fall dst dates).
            * 'NaT' will return NaT for an ambiguous time.
            * 'raise' will raise an AmbiguousTimeError for an ambiguous time.

            .. versionadded:: 0.24.0
        nonexistent : {'raise', 'shift_forward', 'shift_backward, 'NaT', \
timedelta}, default 'raise'
            A nonexistent time does not exist in a particular timezone
            where clocks moved forward due to DST.

            * 'shift_forward' will shift the nonexistent time forward to the
              closest existing time.
            * 'shift_backward' will shift the nonexistent time backward to the
              closest existing time.
            * 'NaT' will return NaT where there are nonexistent times.
            * timedelta objects will shift nonexistent times by the timedelta.
            * 'raise' will raise an NonExistentTimeError if there are
              nonexistent times.

            .. versionadded:: 0.24.0

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError if the freq cannot be converted.
        """
        return self._round(freq, RoundTo.PLUS_INFTY, ambiguous, nonexistent)

    @property
    def tz(self):
        """
        Alias for tzinfo.
        """
        return self.tzinfo

    @tz.setter
    def tz(self, value):
        # GH 3746: Prevent localizing or converting the index by setting tz
        raise AttributeError("Cannot directly set timezone. Use tz_localize() "
                             "or tz_convert() as appropriate")

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        self.value = state[0]
        self.freq = state[1]
        self.tzinfo = state[2]

    def __reduce__(self):
        object_state = self.value, self.freq, self.tzinfo
        return (Timestamp, object_state)

    def to_period(self, freq=None):
        """
        Return an period of which this timestamp is an observation.
        """
        from pandas import Period

        if self.tz is not None:
            # GH#21333
            warnings.warn("Converting to Period representation will "
                          "drop timezone information.",
                          UserWarning)

        if freq is None:
            freq = self.freq

        return Period(self, freq=freq)

    @property
    def dayofweek(self):
        """
        Return day of the week.
        """
        return self.weekday()

    def day_name(self, locale=None) -> str:
        """
        Return the day name of the Timestamp with specified locale.

        Parameters
        ----------
        locale : string, default None (English locale)
            Locale determining the language in which to return the day name.

        Returns
        -------
        day_name : string

        .. versionadded:: 0.23.0
        """
        return self._get_date_name_field('day_name', locale)

    def month_name(self, locale=None) -> str:
        """
        Return the month name of the Timestamp with specified locale.

        Parameters
        ----------
        locale : string, default None (English locale)
            Locale determining the language in which to return the month name.

        Returns
        -------
        month_name : string

        .. versionadded:: 0.23.0
        """
        return self._get_date_name_field('month_name', locale)

    @property
    def dayofyear(self):
        """
        Return the day of the year.
        """
        return ccalendar.get_day_of_year(self.year, self.month, self.day)

    @property
    def week(self) -> int:
        """
        Return the week number of the year.
        """
        return ccalendar.get_week_of_year(self.year, self.month, self.day)

    weekofyear = week

    @property
    def quarter(self) -> int:
        """
        Return the quarter of the year.
        """
        return ((self.month - 1) // 3) + 1

    @property
    def days_in_month(self):
        """
        Return the number of days in the month.
        """
        return ccalendar.get_days_in_month(self.year, self.month)

    daysinmonth = days_in_month

    @property
    def freqstr(self):
        """
        Return the total number of days in the month.
        """
        return getattr(self.freq, 'freqstr', self.freq)

    @property
    def is_month_start(self) -> bool:
        """
        Return True if date is first day of month.
        """
        if self.freq is None:
            # fast-path for non-business frequencies
            return self.day == 1
        return self._get_start_end_field('is_month_start')

    @property
    def is_month_end(self) -> bool:
        """
        Return True if date is last day of month.
        """
        if self.freq is None:
            # fast-path for non-business frequencies
            return self.day == self.days_in_month
        return self._get_start_end_field('is_month_end')

    @property
    def is_quarter_start(self) -> bool:
        """
        Return True if date is first day of the quarter.
        """
        if self.freq is None:
            # fast-path for non-business frequencies
            return self.day == 1 and self.month % 3 == 1
        return self._get_start_end_field('is_quarter_start')

    @property
    def is_quarter_end(self) -> bool:
        """
        Return True if date is last day of the quarter.
        """
        if self.freq is None:
            # fast-path for non-business frequencies
            return (self.month % 3) == 0 and self.day == self.days_in_month
        return self._get_start_end_field('is_quarter_end')

    @property
    def is_year_start(self) -> bool:
        """
        Return True if date is first day of the year.
        """
        if self.freq is None:
            # fast-path for non-business frequencies
            return self.day == self.month == 1
        return self._get_start_end_field('is_year_start')

    @property
    def is_year_end(self) -> bool:
        """
        Return True if date is last day of the year.
        """
        if self.freq is None:
            # fast-path for non-business frequencies
            return self.month == 12 and self.day == 31
        return self._get_start_end_field('is_year_end')

    @property
    def is_leap_year(self) -> bool:
        """
        Return True if year is a leap year.
        """
        return bool(ccalendar.is_leapyear(self.year))

    def tz_localize(self, tz, ambiguous='raise', nonexistent='raise'):
        """
        Convert naive Timestamp to local time zone, or remove
        timezone from tz-aware Timestamp.

        Parameters
        ----------
        tz : str, pytz.timezone, dateutil.tz.tzfile or None
            Time zone for time which Timestamp will be converted to.
            None will remove timezone holding local time.

        ambiguous : bool, 'NaT', default 'raise'
            When clocks moved backward due to DST, ambiguous times may arise.
            For example in Central European Time (UTC+01), when going from
            03:00 DST to 02:00 non-DST, 02:30:00 local time occurs both at
            00:30:00 UTC and at 01:30:00 UTC. In such a situation, the
            `ambiguous` parameter dictates how ambiguous times should be
            handled.

            The behavior is as follows:

            * bool contains flags to determine if time is dst or not (note
              that this flag is only applicable for ambiguous fall dst dates).
            * 'NaT' will return NaT for an ambiguous time.
            * 'raise' will raise an AmbiguousTimeError for an ambiguous time.

        nonexistent : 'shift_forward', 'shift_backward, 'NaT', timedelta, \
default 'raise'
            A nonexistent time does not exist in a particular timezone
            where clocks moved forward due to DST.

            The behavior is as follows:

            * 'shift_forward' will shift the nonexistent time forward to the
              closest existing time.
            * 'shift_backward' will shift the nonexistent time backward to the
              closest existing time.
            * 'NaT' will return NaT where there are nonexistent times.
            * timedelta objects will shift nonexistent times by the timedelta.
            * 'raise' will raise an NonExistentTimeError if there are
              nonexistent times.

            .. versionadded:: 0.24.0

        Returns
        -------
        localized : Timestamp

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If the Timestamp is tz-aware and tz is not None.
        """
        if ambiguous == 'infer':
            raise ValueError('Cannot infer offset with only one time.')

        nonexistent_options = ('raise', 'NaT', 'shift_forward',
                               'shift_backward')
        if nonexistent not in nonexistent_options and not isinstance(
            nonexistent, timedelta):
            raise ValueError("The nonexistent argument must be one of 'raise',"
                             " 'NaT', 'shift_forward', 'shift_backward' or"
                             " a timedelta object")

        if self.tzinfo is None:
            # tz naive, localize
            tz = maybe_get_tz(tz)
            if not isinstance(ambiguous, str):
                ambiguous = [ambiguous]
            value = tz_localize_to_utc(np.array([self.value], dtype='i8'), tz,
                                       ambiguous=ambiguous,
                                       nonexistent=nonexistent)[0]
            return Timestamp(value, tz=tz, freq=self.freq)
        else:
            if tz is None:
                # reset tz
                value = tz_convert_single(self.value, UTC, self.tz)
                return Timestamp(value, tz=tz, freq=self.freq)
            else:
                raise TypeError('Cannot localize tz-aware Timestamp, use '
                                'tz_convert for conversions')

    def tz_convert(self, tz):
        """
        Convert tz-aware Timestamp to another time zone.

        Parameters
        ----------
        tz : str, pytz.timezone, dateutil.tz.tzfile or None
            Time zone for time which Timestamp will be converted to.
            None will remove timezone holding UTC time.

        Returns
        -------
        converted : Timestamp

        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            If Timestamp is tz-naive.
        """
        if self.tzinfo is None:
            # tz naive, use tz_localize
            raise TypeError('Cannot convert tz-naive Timestamp, use '
                            'tz_localize to localize')
        else:
            # Same UTC timestamp, different time zone
            return Timestamp(self.value, tz=tz, freq=self.freq)

    astimezone = tz_convert

    def replace(self, year=None, month=None, day=None,
                hour=None, minute=None, second=None, microsecond=None,
                nanosecond=None, tzinfo=object, fold=0):
        """
        implements datetime.replace, handles nanoseconds.

        Parameters
        ----------
        year : int, optional
        month : int, optional
        day : int, optional
        hour : int, optional
        minute : int, optional
        second : int, optional
        microsecond : int, optional
        nanosecond : int, optional
        tzinfo : tz-convertible, optional
        fold : int, optional, default is 0

        Returns
        -------
        Timestamp with fields replaced
        """

        cdef:
            npy_datetimestruct dts
            int64_t value, value_tz, offset
            object _tzinfo, result, k, v
            datetime ts_input

        # set to naive if needed
        _tzinfo = self.tzinfo
        value = self.value
        if _tzinfo is not None:
            value_tz = tz_convert_single(value, _tzinfo, UTC)
            value += value - value_tz

        # setup components
        dt64_to_dtstruct(value, &dts)
        dts.ps = self.nanosecond * 1000

        # replace
        def validate(k, v):
            """ validate integers """
            if not is_integer_object(v):
                raise ValueError(f"value must be an integer, received "
                                 f"{type(v)} for {k}")
            return v

        if year is not None:
            dts.year = validate('year', year)
        if month is not None:
            dts.month = validate('month', month)
        if day is not None:
            dts.day = validate('day', day)
        if hour is not None:
            dts.hour = validate('hour', hour)
        if minute is not None:
            dts.min = validate('minute', minute)
        if second is not None:
            dts.sec = validate('second', second)
        if microsecond is not None:
            dts.us = validate('microsecond', microsecond)
        if nanosecond is not None:
            dts.ps = validate('nanosecond', nanosecond) * 1000
        if tzinfo is not object:
            _tzinfo = tzinfo

        # reconstruct & check bounds
        if _tzinfo is not None and treat_tz_as_pytz(_tzinfo):
            # replacing across a DST boundary may induce a new tzinfo object
            # see GH#18319
            ts_input = _tzinfo.localize(datetime(dts.year, dts.month, dts.day,
                                                 dts.hour, dts.min, dts.sec,
                                                 dts.us),
                                        is_dst=not bool(fold))
            _tzinfo = ts_input.tzinfo
        else:
            kwargs = {'year': dts.year, 'month': dts.month, 'day': dts.day,
                      'hour': dts.hour, 'minute': dts.min, 'second': dts.sec,
                      'microsecond': dts.us, 'tzinfo': _tzinfo,
                      'fold': fold}
            ts_input = datetime(**kwargs)

        ts = convert_datetime_to_tsobject(ts_input, _tzinfo)
        value = ts.value + (dts.ps // 1000)
        if value != NPY_NAT:
            check_dts_bounds(&dts)

        return create_timestamp_from_ts(value, dts, _tzinfo, self.freq)

    def isoformat(self, sep='T'):
        base = super(_Timestamp, self).isoformat(sep=sep)
        if self.nanosecond == 0:
            return base

        if self.tzinfo is not None:
            base1, base2 = base[:-6], base[-6:]
        else:
            base1, base2 = base, ""

        if self.microsecond != 0:
            base1 += f"{self.nanosecond:03d}"
        else:
            base1 += f".{self.nanosecond:09d}"

        return base1 + base2

    def _has_time_component(self) -> bool:
        """
        Returns if the Timestamp has a time component
        in addition to the date part
        """
        return (self.time() != _zero_time
                or self.tzinfo is not None
                or self.nanosecond != 0)

    def to_julian_date(self):
        """
        Convert TimeStamp to a Julian Date.
        0 Julian date is noon January 1, 4713 BC.
        """
        year = self.year
        month = self.month
        day = self.day
        if month <= 2:
            year -= 1
            month += 12
        return (day +
                np.fix((153 * month - 457) / 5) +
                365 * year +
                np.floor(year / 4) -
                np.floor(year / 100) +
                np.floor(year / 400) +
                1721118.5 +
                (self.hour +
                 self.minute / 60.0 +
                 self.second / 3600.0 +
                 self.microsecond / 3600.0 / 1e+6 +
                 self.nanosecond / 3600.0 / 1e+9
                ) / 24.0)

    def normalize(self):
        """
        Normalize Timestamp to midnight, preserving
        tz information.
        """
        if self.tz is None or is_utc(self.tz):
            DAY_NS = DAY_SECONDS * 1000000000
            normalized_value = self.value - (self.value % DAY_NS)
            return Timestamp(normalized_value).tz_localize(self.tz)
        normalized_value = normalize_i8_timestamps(
            np.array([self.value], dtype='i8'), tz=self.tz)[0]
        return Timestamp(normalized_value).tz_localize(self.tz)

    def __radd__(self, other):
        # __radd__ on cython extension types like _Timestamp is not used, so
        # define it here instead
        return self + other


# Add the min and max fields at the class level
cdef int64_t _NS_UPPER_BOUND = np.iinfo(np.int64).max
# the smallest value we could actually represent is
#   INT64_MIN + 1 == -9223372036854775807
# but to allow overflow free conversion with a microsecond resolution
# use the smallest value with a 0 nanosecond unit (0s in last 3 digits)
cdef int64_t _NS_LOWER_BOUND = -9223372036854775000

# Resolution is in nanoseconds
Timestamp.min = Timestamp(_NS_LOWER_BOUND)
Timestamp.max = Timestamp(_NS_UPPER_BOUND)
Timestamp.resolution = Timedelta(nanoseconds=1)  # GH#21336, GH#21365