Channel.kt

/*
 * Copyright 2016-2021 JetBrains s.r.o. Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license.
 */

@file:Suppress("FunctionName")

package kotlinx.coroutines.channels

import kotlinx.coroutines.*
import kotlinx.coroutines.channels.Channel.Factory.BUFFERED
import kotlinx.coroutines.channels.Channel.Factory.CHANNEL_DEFAULT_CAPACITY
import kotlinx.coroutines.channels.Channel.Factory.CONFLATED
import kotlinx.coroutines.channels.Channel.Factory.RENDEZVOUS
import kotlinx.coroutines.channels.Channel.Factory.UNLIMITED
import kotlinx.coroutines.internal.*
import kotlinx.coroutines.selects.*
import kotlin.contracts.*
import kotlin.internal.*
import kotlin.jvm.*

/**
 * Sender's interface to [Channel].
 */
public interface SendChannel<in E> {
    /**
     * Returns `true` if this channel was closed by an invocation of [close]. This means that
     * calling [send] will result in an exception.
     *
     * **Note: This is an experimental api.** This property may change its semantics and/or name in the future.
     */
    @ExperimentalCoroutinesApi
    public val isClosedForSend: Boolean

    /**
     * Sends the specified [element] to this channel, suspending the caller while the buffer of this channel is full
     * or if it does not exist, or throws an exception if the channel [is closed for `send`][isClosedForSend] (see [close] for details).
     *
     * [Closing][close] a channel _after_ this function has suspended does not cause this suspended [send] invocation
     * to abort, because closing a channel is conceptually like sending a special "close token" over this channel.
     * All elements sent over the channel are delivered in first-in first-out order. The sent element
     * will be delivered to receivers before the close token.
     *
     * This suspending function is cancellable. If the [Job] of the current coroutine is cancelled or completed while this
     * function is suspended, this function immediately resumes with a [CancellationException].
     * There is a **prompt cancellation guarantee**. If the job was cancelled while this function was
     * suspended, it will not resume successfully. The `send` call can send the element to the channel,
     * but then throw [CancellationException], thus an exception should not be treated as a failure to deliver the element.
     * See "Undelivered elements" section in [Channel] documentation for details on handling undelivered elements.
     *
     * Note that this function does not check for cancellation when it is not suspended.
     * Use [yield] or [CoroutineScope.isActive] to periodically check for cancellation in tight loops if needed.
     *
     * This function can be used in [select] invocations with the [onSend] clause.
     * Use [trySend] to try sending to this channel without waiting.
     */
    public suspend fun send(element: E)

    /**
     * Clause for the [select] expression of the [send] suspending function that selects when the element that is specified
     * as the parameter is sent to the channel. When the clause is selected, the reference to this channel
     * is passed into the corresponding block.
     *
     * The [select] invocation fails with an exception if the channel [is closed for `send`][isClosedForSend] (see [close] for details).
     */
    public val onSend: SelectClause2<E, SendChannel<E>>


    /**
     * Immediately adds the specified [element] to this channel, if this doesn't violate its capacity restrictions,
     * and returns the successful result. Otherwise, returns failed or closed result.
     * This is synchronous variant of [send], which backs off in situations when `send` suspends or throws.
     *
     * When `trySend` call returns a non-successful result, it guarantees that the element was not delivered to the consumer, and
     * it does not call `onUndeliveredElement` that was installed for this channel.
     * See "Undelivered elements" section in [Channel] documentation for details on handling undelivered elements.
     */
    public fun trySend(element: E): ChannelResult<Unit>

    /**
     * Closes this channel.
     * This is an idempotent operation &mdash; subsequent invocations of this function have no effect and return `false`.
     * Conceptually, it sends a special "close token" over this channel.
     *
     * Immediately after invocation of this function,
     * [isClosedForSend] starts returning `true`. However, [isClosedForReceive][ReceiveChannel.isClosedForReceive]
     * on the side of [ReceiveChannel] starts returning `true` only after all previously sent elements
     * are received.
     *
     * A channel that was closed without a [cause] throws a [ClosedSendChannelException] on attempts to [send]
     * and [ClosedReceiveChannelException] on attempts to [receive][ReceiveChannel.receive].
     * A channel that was closed with non-null [cause] is called a _failed_ channel. Attempts to send or
     * receive on a failed channel throw the specified [cause] exception.
     */
    public fun close(cause: Throwable? = null): Boolean

    /**
     * Registers a [handler] which is synchronously invoked once the channel is [closed][close]
     * or the receiving side of this channel is [cancelled][ReceiveChannel.cancel].
     * Only one handler can be attached to a channel during its lifetime.
     * The `handler` is invoked when [isClosedForSend] starts to return `true`.
     * If the channel is closed already, the handler is invoked immediately.
     *
     * The meaning of `cause` that is passed to the handler:
     * * `null` if the channel was closed or cancelled without the corresponding argument
     * * the cause of `close` or `cancel` otherwise.
     *
     * Example of usage (exception handling is omitted):
     *
     * ```
     * val events = Channel(UNLIMITED)
     * callbackBasedApi.registerCallback { event ->
     *   events.trySend(event)
     * }
     *
     * val uiUpdater = launch(Dispatchers.Main, parent = UILifecycle) {
     *    events.consume {}
     *    events.cancel()
     * }
     *
     * events.invokeOnClose { callbackBasedApi.stop() }
     * ```
     *
     * **Note: This is an experimental api.** This function may change its semantics, parameters or return type in the future.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the underlying channel doesn't support [invokeOnClose].
     * Implementation note: currently, [invokeOnClose] is unsupported only by Rx-like integrations
     *
     * @throws IllegalStateException if another handler was already registered
     */
    @ExperimentalCoroutinesApi
    public fun invokeOnClose(handler: (cause: Throwable?) -> Unit)

    /**
     * **Deprecated** offer method.
     *
     * This method was deprecated in the favour of [trySend].
     * It has proven itself as the most error-prone method in Channel API:
     *
     * * `Boolean` return type creates the false sense of security, implying that `false`
     *    is returned instead of throwing an exception.
     * * It was used mostly from non-suspending APIs where CancellationException triggered
     *   internal failures in the application (the most common source of bugs).
     * * Due to signature and explicit `if (ch.offer(...))` checks it was easy to
     *   oversee such error during code review.
     * * Its name was not aligned with the rest of the API and tried to mimic Java's queue instead.
     *
     * See https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlinx.coroutines/issues/974 for more context.
     */
    @Deprecated(
        level = DeprecationLevel.WARNING,
        message = "Deprecated in the favour of 'trySend' method",
        replaceWith = ReplaceWith("trySend(element).isSuccess")
    ) // Since 1.5.0
    public fun offer(element: E): Boolean {
        val result = trySend(element)
        if (result.isSuccess) return true
        throw recoverStackTrace(result.exceptionOrNull() ?: return false)
    }
}

/**
 * Receiver's interface to [Channel].
 */
public interface ReceiveChannel<out E> {
    /**
     * Returns `true` if this channel was closed by invocation of [close][SendChannel.close] on the [SendChannel]
     * side and all previously sent items were already received. This means that calling [receive]
     * will result in a [ClosedReceiveChannelException]. If the channel was closed because of an exception, it
     * is considered closed, too, but is called a _failed_ channel. All suspending attempts to receive
     * an element from a failed channel throw the original [close][SendChannel.close] cause exception.
     *
     * **Note: This is an experimental api.** This property may change its semantics and/or name in the future.
     */
    @ExperimentalCoroutinesApi
    public val isClosedForReceive: Boolean

    /**
     * Returns `true` if the channel is empty (contains no elements), which means that an attempt to [receive] will suspend.
     * This function returns `false` if the channel [is closed for `receive`][isClosedForReceive].
     */
    @ExperimentalCoroutinesApi
    public val isEmpty: Boolean

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes an element from this channel if it's not empty, or suspends the caller while the channel is empty,
     * or throws a [ClosedReceiveChannelException] if the channel [is closed for `receive`][isClosedForReceive].
     * If the channel was closed because of an exception, it is called a _failed_ channel and this function
     * will throw the original [close][SendChannel.close] cause exception.
     *
     * This suspending function is cancellable. If the [Job] of the current coroutine is cancelled or completed while this
     * function is suspended, this function immediately resumes with a [CancellationException].
     * There is a **prompt cancellation guarantee**. If the job was cancelled while this function was
     * suspended, it will not resume successfully. The `receive` call can retrieve the element from the channel,
     * but then throw [CancellationException], thus failing to deliver the element.
     * See "Undelivered elements" section in [Channel] documentation for details on handling undelivered elements.
     *
     * Note that this function does not check for cancellation when it is not suspended.
     * Use [yield] or [CoroutineScope.isActive] to periodically check for cancellation in tight loops if needed.
     *
     * This function can be used in [select] invocations with the [onReceive] clause.
     * Use [tryReceive] to try receiving from this channel without waiting.
     */
    public suspend fun receive(): E

    /**
     * Clause for the [select] expression of the [receive] suspending function that selects with the element
     * received from the channel.
     * The [select] invocation fails with an exception if the channel
     * [is closed for `receive`][isClosedForReceive] (see [close][SendChannel.close] for details).
     */
    public val onReceive: SelectClause1<E>

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes an element from this channel if it's not empty, or suspends the caller while this channel is empty.
     * This method returns [ChannelResult] with the value of an element successfully retrieved from the channel
     * or the close cause if the channel was closed. Closed cause may be `null` if the channel was closed normally.
     * The result cannot be [failed][ChannelResult.isFailure] without being [closed][ChannelResult.isClosed].
     *
     * This suspending function is cancellable. If the [Job] of the current coroutine is cancelled or completed while this
     * function is suspended, this function immediately resumes with a [CancellationException].
     * There is a **prompt cancellation guarantee**. If the job was cancelled while this function was
     * suspended, it will not resume successfully. The `receiveCatching` call can retrieve the element from the channel,
     * but then throw [CancellationException], thus failing to deliver the element.
     * See "Undelivered elements" section in [Channel] documentation for details on handling undelivered elements.
     *
     * Note that this function does not check for cancellation when it is not suspended.
     * Use [yield] or [CoroutineScope.isActive] to periodically check for cancellation in tight loops if needed.
     *
     * This function can be used in [select] invocations with the [onReceiveCatching] clause.
     * Use [tryReceive] to try receiving from this channel without waiting.
     */
    public suspend fun receiveCatching(): ChannelResult<E>

    /**
     * Clause for the [select] expression of the [onReceiveCatching] suspending function that selects with the [ChannelResult] with a value
     * that is received from the channel or with a close cause if the channel
     * [is closed for `receive`][isClosedForReceive].
     */
    public val onReceiveCatching: SelectClause1<ChannelResult<E>>

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes an element from this channel if it's not empty, returning a [successful][ChannelResult.success]
     * result, returns [failed][ChannelResult.failed] result if the channel is empty, and [closed][ChannelResult.closed]
     * result if the channel is closed.
     */
    public fun tryReceive(): ChannelResult<E>

    /**
     * Returns a new iterator to receive elements from this channel using a `for` loop.
     * Iteration completes normally when the channel [is closed for `receive`][isClosedForReceive] without a cause and
     * throws the original [close][SendChannel.close] cause exception if the channel has _failed_.
     */
    public operator fun iterator(): ChannelIterator<E>

    /**
     * Cancels reception of remaining elements from this channel with an optional [cause].
     * This function closes the channel and removes all buffered sent elements from it.
     *
     * A cause can be used to specify an error message or to provide other details on
     * the cancellation reason for debugging purposes.
     * If the cause is not specified, then an instance of [CancellationException] with a
     * default message is created to [close][SendChannel.close] the channel.
     *
     * Immediately after invocation of this function [isClosedForReceive] and
     * [isClosedForSend][SendChannel.isClosedForSend]
     * on the side of [SendChannel] start returning `true`. Any attempt to send to or receive from this channel
     * will lead to a [CancellationException].
     */
    public fun cancel(cause: CancellationException? = null)

    /**
     * @suppress This method implements old version of JVM ABI. Use [cancel].
     */
    @Deprecated(level = DeprecationLevel.HIDDEN, message = "Since 1.2.0, binary compatibility with versions <= 1.1.x")
    public fun cancel(): Unit = cancel(null)

    /**
     * @suppress This method has bad semantics when cause is not a [CancellationException]. Use [cancel].
     */
    @Deprecated(level = DeprecationLevel.HIDDEN, message = "Since 1.2.0, binary compatibility with versions <= 1.1.x")
    public fun cancel(cause: Throwable? = null): Boolean

    /**
     * **Deprecated** poll method.
     *
     * This method was deprecated in the favour of [tryReceive].
     * It has proven itself as error-prone method in Channel API:
     *
     * * Nullable return type creates the false sense of security, implying that `null`
     *    is returned instead of throwing an exception.
     * * It was used mostly from non-suspending APIs where CancellationException triggered
     *   internal failures in the application (the most common source of bugs).
     * * Its name was not aligned with the rest of the API and tried to mimic Java's queue instead.
     *
     * See https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlinx.coroutines/issues/974 for more context.
     */
    @Deprecated(level = DeprecationLevel.WARNING,
        message = "Deprecated in the favour of 'tryReceive'",
        replaceWith = ReplaceWith("tryReceive().getOrNull()")
    ) // Since 1.5.0
    public fun poll(): E? {
        val result = tryReceive()
        if (result.isSuccess) return result.getOrThrow()
        throw recoverStackTrace(result.exceptionOrNull() ?: return null)
    }

    /**
     * This function was deprecated since 1.3.0 and is no longer recommended to use
     * or to implement in subclasses.
     *
     * It had the following pitfalls:
     * - Didn't allow to distinguish 'null' as "closed channel" from "null as a value"
     * - Was throwing if the channel has failed even though its signature may suggest it returns 'null'
     * - It didn't really belong to core channel API and can be exposed as an extension instead.
     *
     * @suppress doc
     */
    @Suppress("INVISIBLE_REFERENCE", "INVISIBLE_MEMBER")
    @LowPriorityInOverloadResolution
    @Deprecated(
        message = "Deprecated in favor of receiveCatching",
        level = DeprecationLevel.ERROR,
        replaceWith = ReplaceWith("receiveCatching().getOrNull()")
    ) // Warning since 1.3.0, error in 1.5.0, will be hidden in 1.6.0
    public suspend fun receiveOrNull(): E? = receiveCatching().getOrNull()

    /**
     * This function was deprecated since 1.3.0 and is no longer recommended to use
     * or to implement in subclasses.
     * See [receiveOrNull] documentation.
     *
     * @suppress **Deprecated**: in favor of onReceiveCatching extension.
     */
    @Deprecated(
        message = "Deprecated in favor of onReceiveCatching extension",
        level = DeprecationLevel.ERROR,
        replaceWith = ReplaceWith("onReceiveCatching")
    ) // Warning since 1.3.0, error in 1.5.0, will be hidden or removed in 1.6.0
    public val onReceiveOrNull: SelectClause1<E?>
        get() {
            return object : SelectClause1<E?> {
                @InternalCoroutinesApi
                override fun <R> registerSelectClause1(select: SelectInstance<R>, block: suspend (E?) -> R) {
                    onReceiveCatching.registerSelectClause1(select) {
                        it.exceptionOrNull()?.let { throw it }
                        block(it.getOrNull())
                    }
                }
            }
        }
}

/**
 * A discriminated union of channel operation result.
 * It encapsulates the successful or failed result of a channel operation or a failed operation to a closed channel with
 * an optional cause.
 *
 * The successful result represents a successful operation with a value of type [T], for example,
 * the result of [Channel.receiveCatching] operation or a successfully sent element as a result of [Channel.trySend].
 *
 * The failed result represents a failed operation attempt to a channel, but it doesn't necessary indicate that the channel is failed.
 * E.g. when the channel is full, [Channel.trySend] returns failed result, but the channel itself is not in the failed state.
 *
 * The closed result represents an operation attempt to a closed channel and also implies that the operation has failed.
 */
@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
public inline class ChannelResult<out T>
@PublishedApi internal constructor(@PublishedApi internal val holder: Any?) {
    /**
     * Returns `true` if this instance represents a successful
     * operation outcome.
     *
     * In this case [isFailure] and [isClosed] return `false`.
     */
    public val isSuccess: Boolean get() = holder !is Failed

    /**
     * Returns `true` if this instance represents unsuccessful operation.
     *
     * In this case [isSuccess] returns false, but it does not imply
     * that the channel is failed or closed.
     *
     * Example of a failed operation without an exception and channel being closed
     * is [Channel.trySend] attempt to a channel that is full.
     */
    public val isFailure: Boolean get() = holder is Failed

    /**
     * Returns `true` if this instance represents unsuccessful operation
     * to a closed or cancelled channel.
     *
     * In this case [isSuccess] returns `false`, [isFailure] returns `true`, but it does not imply
     * that [exceptionOrNull] returns non-null value.
     *
     * It can happen if the channel was [closed][Channel.close] normally without an exception.
     */
    public val isClosed: Boolean get() = holder is Closed

    /**
     * Returns the encapsulated value if this instance represents success or `null` if it represents failed result.
     */
    public fun getOrNull(): T? = if (holder !is Failed) holder as T else null

    /**
     *  Returns the encapsulated value if this instance represents success or throws an exception if it is closed or failed.
     */
    public fun getOrThrow(): T {
        if (holder !is Failed) return holder as T
        if (holder is Closed && holder.cause != null) throw holder.cause
        error("Trying to call 'getOrThrow' on a failed channel result: $holder")
    }

    /**
     * Returns the encapsulated exception if this instance represents failure or `null` if it is success
     * or unsuccessful operation to closed channel.
     */
    public fun exceptionOrNull(): Throwable? = (holder as? Closed)?.cause

    internal open class Failed {
        override fun toString(): String = "Failed"
    }

    internal class Closed(@JvmField val cause: Throwable?): Failed() {
        override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean = other is Closed && cause == other.cause
        override fun hashCode(): Int = cause.hashCode()
        override fun toString(): String = "Closed($cause)"
    }

    @Suppress("NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
    @InternalCoroutinesApi
    public companion object {
        private val failed = Failed()

        @InternalCoroutinesApi
        public fun <E> success(value: E): ChannelResult<E> =
            ChannelResult(value)

        @InternalCoroutinesApi
        public fun <E> failure(): ChannelResult<E> =
            ChannelResult(failed)

        @InternalCoroutinesApi
        public fun <E> closed(cause: Throwable?): ChannelResult<E> =
            ChannelResult(Closed(cause))
    }

    public override fun toString(): String =
        when (holder) {
            is Closed -> holder.toString()
            else -> "Value($holder)"
        }
}

/**
 * Returns the encapsulated value if this instance represents [success][ChannelResult.isSuccess] or the
 * result of [onFailure] function for the encapsulated [Throwable] exception if it is failed or closed
 * result.
 */
@OptIn(ExperimentalContracts::class)
public inline fun <T> ChannelResult<T>.getOrElse(onFailure: (exception: Throwable?) -> T): T {
    contract {
        callsInPlace(onFailure, InvocationKind.AT_MOST_ONCE)
    }
    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
    return if (holder is ChannelResult.Failed) onFailure(exceptionOrNull()) else holder as T
}

/**
 * Performs the given [action] on the encapsulated value if this instance represents [success][ChannelResult.isSuccess].
 * Returns the original `ChannelResult` unchanged.
 */
@OptIn(ExperimentalContracts::class)
public inline fun <T> ChannelResult<T>.onSuccess(action: (value: T) -> Unit): ChannelResult<T> {
    contract {
        callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.AT_MOST_ONCE)
    }
    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
    if (holder !is ChannelResult.Failed) action(holder as T)
    return this
}

/**
 * Performs the given [action] on the encapsulated [Throwable] exception if this instance represents [failure][ChannelResult.isFailure].
 * The result of [ChannelResult.exceptionOrNull] is passed to the [action] parameter.
 *
 * Returns the original `ChannelResult` unchanged.
 */
@OptIn(ExperimentalContracts::class)
public inline fun <T> ChannelResult<T>.onFailure(action: (exception: Throwable?) -> Unit): ChannelResult<T> {
    contract {
        callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.AT_MOST_ONCE)
    }
    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
    if (holder is ChannelResult.Failed) action(exceptionOrNull())
    return this
}

/**
 * Iterator for [ReceiveChannel]. Instances of this interface are *not thread-safe* and shall not be used
 * from concurrent coroutines.
 */
public interface ChannelIterator<out E> {
    /**
     * Returns `true` if the channel has more elements, suspending the caller while this channel is empty,
     * or returns `false` if the channel [is closed for `receive`][ReceiveChannel.isClosedForReceive] without a cause.
     * It throws the original [close][SendChannel.close] cause exception if the channel has _failed_.
     *
     * This function retrieves and removes an element from this channel for the subsequent invocation
     * of [next].
     *
     * This suspending function is cancellable. If the [Job] of the current coroutine is cancelled or completed while this
     * function is suspended, this function immediately resumes with a [CancellationException].
     * There is a **prompt cancellation guarantee**. If the job was cancelled while this function was
     * suspended, it will not resume successfully. The `hasNext` call can retrieve the element from the channel,
     * but then throw [CancellationException], thus failing to deliver the element.
     * See "Undelivered elements" section in [Channel] documentation for details on handling undelivered elements.
     *
     * Note that this function does not check for cancellation when it is not suspended.
     * Use [yield] or [CoroutineScope.isActive] to periodically check for cancellation in tight loops if needed.
     */
    public suspend operator fun hasNext(): Boolean

    @Deprecated(message = "Since 1.3.0, binary compatibility with versions <= 1.2.x", level = DeprecationLevel.HIDDEN)
    @Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME")
    @JvmName("next")
    public suspend fun next0(): E {
        /*
         * Before 1.3.0 the "next()" could have been used without invoking "hasNext" first and there were code samples
         * demonstrating this behavior, so we preserve this logic for full binary backwards compatibility with previously
         * compiled code.
         */
        if (!hasNext()) throw ClosedReceiveChannelException(DEFAULT_CLOSE_MESSAGE)
        return next()
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the element removed from the channel by a preceding call to [hasNext], or
     * throws an [IllegalStateException] if [hasNext] was not invoked.
     * This method should only be used in pair with [hasNext]:
     * ```
     * while (iterator.hasNext()) {
     *     val element = iterator.next()
     *     // ... handle element ...
     * }
     * ```
     *
     * This method throws a [ClosedReceiveChannelException] if the channel [is closed for `receive`][ReceiveChannel.isClosedForReceive] without a cause.
     * It throws the original [close][SendChannel.close] cause exception if the channel has _failed_.
     */
    public operator fun next(): E
}

/**
 * Channel is a non-blocking primitive for communication between a sender (via [SendChannel]) and a receiver (via [ReceiveChannel]).
 * Conceptually, a channel is similar to Java's [BlockingQueue][java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue],
 * but it has suspending operations instead of blocking ones and can be [closed][SendChannel.close].
 *
 * ### Creating channels
 *
 * The `Channel(capacity)` factory function is used to create channels of different kinds depending on
 * the value of the `capacity` integer:
 *
 * * When `capacity` is 0 &mdash; it creates a _rendezvous_ channel.
 *   This channel does not have any buffer at all. An element is transferred from the sender
 *   to the receiver only when [send] and [receive] invocations meet in time (rendezvous), so [send] suspends
 *   until another coroutine invokes [receive], and [receive] suspends until another coroutine invokes [send].
 *
 * * When `capacity` is [Channel.UNLIMITED] &mdash; it creates a channel with effectively unlimited buffer.
 *   This channel has a linked-list buffer of unlimited capacity (limited only by available memory).
 *   [Sending][send] to this channel never suspends, and [trySend] always succeeds.
 *
 * * When `capacity` is [Channel.CONFLATED] &mdash; it creates a _conflated_ channel
 *   This channel buffers at most one element and conflates all subsequent `send` and `trySend` invocations,
 *   so that the receiver always gets the last element sent.
 *   Back-to-back sent elements are conflated &mdash; only the last sent element is received,
 *   while previously sent elements **are lost**.
 *   [Sending][send] to this channel never suspends, and [trySend] always succeeds.
 *
 * * When `capacity` is positive but less than [UNLIMITED] &mdash; it creates an array-based channel with the specified capacity.
 *   This channel has an array buffer of a fixed `capacity`.
 *   [Sending][send] suspends only when the buffer is full, and [receiving][receive] suspends only when the buffer is empty.
 *
 * Buffered channels can be configured with an additional [`onBufferOverflow`][BufferOverflow] parameter. It controls the behaviour
 * of the channel's [send][Channel.send] function on buffer overflow:
 *
 * * [SUSPEND][BufferOverflow.SUSPEND] &mdash; the default, suspend `send` on buffer overflow until there is
 *   free space in the buffer.
 * * [DROP_OLDEST][BufferOverflow.DROP_OLDEST] &mdash; do not suspend the `send`, add the latest value to the buffer,
 *   drop the oldest one from the buffer.
 *   A channel with `capacity = 1` and `onBufferOverflow = DROP_OLDEST` is a _conflated_ channel.
 * * [DROP_LATEST][BufferOverflow.DROP_LATEST] &mdash; do not suspend the `send`, drop the value that is being sent,
 *   keep the buffer contents intact.
 *
 * A non-default `onBufferOverflow` implicitly creates a channel with at least one buffered element and
 * is ignored for a channel with unlimited buffer. It cannot be specified for `capacity = CONFLATED`, which
 * is a shortcut by itself.
 *
 * ### Prompt cancellation guarantee
 *
 * All suspending functions with channels provide **prompt cancellation guarantee**.
 * If the job was cancelled while send or receive function was suspended, it will not resume successfully,
 * but throws a [CancellationException].
 * With a single-threaded [dispatcher][CoroutineDispatcher] like [Dispatchers.Main] this gives a
 * guarantee that if a piece code running in this thread cancels a [Job], then a coroutine running this job cannot
 * resume successfully and continue to run, ensuring a prompt response to its cancellation.
 *
 * > **Prompt cancellation guarantee** for channel operations was added since `kotlinx.coroutines` version `1.4.0`
 * > and had replaced a channel-specific atomic-cancellation that was not consistent with other suspending functions.
 * > The low-level mechanics of prompt cancellation are explained in [suspendCancellableCoroutine] function.
 *
 * ### Undelivered elements
 *
 * As a result of a prompt cancellation guarantee, when a closeable resource
 * (like open file or a handle to another native resource) is transferred via channel from one coroutine to another
 * it can fail to be delivered and will be lost if either send or receive operations are cancelled in transit.
 *
 * A `Channel()` constructor function has an `onUndeliveredElement` optional parameter.
 * When `onUndeliveredElement` parameter is set, the corresponding function is called once for each element
 * that was sent to the channel with the call to the [send][SendChannel.send] function but failed to be delivered,
 * which can happen in the following cases:
 *
 * * When [send][SendChannel.send] operation throws an exception because it was cancelled before it had a chance to actually
 *   send the element or because the channel was [closed][SendChannel.close] or [cancelled][ReceiveChannel.cancel].
 * * When [receive][ReceiveChannel.receive], [receiveOrNull][ReceiveChannel.receiveOrNull], or [hasNext][ChannelIterator.hasNext]
 *   operation throws an exception when it had retrieved the element from the
 *   channel but was cancelled before the code following the receive call resumed.
 * * The channel was [cancelled][ReceiveChannel.cancel], in which case `onUndeliveredElement` is called on every
 *   remaining element in the channel's buffer.
 *
 * Note, that `onUndeliveredElement` function is called synchronously in an arbitrary context. It should be fast, non-blocking,
 * and should not throw exceptions. Any exception thrown by `onUndeliveredElement` is wrapped into an internal runtime
 * exception which is either rethrown from the caller method or handed off to the exception handler in the current context
 * (see [CoroutineExceptionHandler]) when one is available.
 *
 * A typical usage for `onDeliveredElement` is to close a resource that is being transferred via the channel. The
 * following code pattern guarantees that opened resources are closed even if producer, consumer, and/or channel
 * are cancelled. Resources are never lost.
 *
 * ```
 * // Create the channel with onUndeliveredElement block that closes a resource
 * val channel = Channel<Resource>(capacity) { resource -> resource.close() }
 *
 * // Producer code
 * val resourceToSend = openResource()
 * channel.send(resourceToSend)
 *
 * // Consumer code
 * val resourceReceived = channel.receive()
 * try {
 *     // work with received resource
 * } finally {
 *     resourceReceived.close()
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * > Note, that if you do any kind of work in between `openResource()` and `channel.send(...)`, then you should
 * > ensure that resource gets closed in case this additional code fails.
 */
public interface Channel<E> : SendChannel<E>, ReceiveChannel<E> {
    /**
     * Constants for the channel factory function `Channel()`.
     */
    public companion object Factory {
        /**
         * Requests a channel with an unlimited capacity buffer in the `Channel(...)` factory function.
         */
        public const val UNLIMITED: Int = Int.MAX_VALUE

        /**
         * Requests a rendezvous channel in the `Channel(...)` factory function &mdash; a channel that does not have a buffer.
         */
        public const val RENDEZVOUS: Int = 0

        /**
         * Requests a conflated channel in the `Channel(...)` factory function. This is a shortcut to creating
         * a channel with [`onBufferOverflow = DROP_OLDEST`][BufferOverflow.DROP_OLDEST].
         */
        public const val CONFLATED: Int = -1

        /**
         * Requests a buffered channel with the default buffer capacity in the `Channel(...)` factory function.
         * The default capacity for a channel that [suspends][BufferOverflow.SUSPEND] on overflow
         * is 64 and can be overridden by setting [DEFAULT_BUFFER_PROPERTY_NAME] on JVM.
         * For non-suspending channels, a buffer of capacity 1 is used.
         */
        public const val BUFFERED: Int = -2

        // only for internal use, cannot be used with Channel(...)
        internal const val OPTIONAL_CHANNEL = -3

        /**
         * Name of the property that defines the default channel capacity when
         * [BUFFERED] is used as parameter in `Channel(...)` factory function.
         */
        public const val DEFAULT_BUFFER_PROPERTY_NAME: String = "kotlinx.coroutines.channels.defaultBuffer"

        internal val CHANNEL_DEFAULT_CAPACITY = systemProp(DEFAULT_BUFFER_PROPERTY_NAME,
            64, 1, UNLIMITED - 1
        )
    }
}

/**
 * Creates a channel with the specified buffer capacity (or without a buffer by default).
 * See [Channel] interface documentation for details.
 *
 * @param capacity either a positive channel capacity or one of the constants defined in [Channel.Factory].
 * @param onBufferOverflow configures an action on buffer overflow (optional, defaults to
 *   a [suspending][BufferOverflow.SUSPEND] attempt to [send][Channel.send] a value,
 *   supported only when `capacity >= 0` or `capacity == Channel.BUFFERED`,
 *   implicitly creates a channel with at least one buffered element).
 * @param onUndeliveredElement an optional function that is called when element was sent but was not delivered to the consumer.
 *   See "Undelivered elements" section in [Channel] documentation.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException when [capacity] < -2
 */
public fun <E> Channel(
    capacity: Int = RENDEZVOUS,
    onBufferOverflow: BufferOverflow = BufferOverflow.SUSPEND,
    onUndeliveredElement: ((E) -> Unit)? = null
): Channel<E> =
    when (capacity) {
        RENDEZVOUS -> {
            if (onBufferOverflow == BufferOverflow.SUSPEND)
                RendezvousChannel(onUndeliveredElement) // an efficient implementation of rendezvous channel
            else
                ArrayChannel(1, onBufferOverflow, onUndeliveredElement) // support buffer overflow with buffered channel
        }
        CONFLATED -> {
            require(onBufferOverflow == BufferOverflow.SUSPEND) {
                "CONFLATED capacity cannot be used with non-default onBufferOverflow"
            }
            ConflatedChannel(onUndeliveredElement)
        }
        UNLIMITED -> LinkedListChannel(onUndeliveredElement) // ignores onBufferOverflow: it has buffer, but it never overflows
        BUFFERED -> ArrayChannel( // uses default capacity with SUSPEND
            if (onBufferOverflow == BufferOverflow.SUSPEND) CHANNEL_DEFAULT_CAPACITY else 1,
            onBufferOverflow, onUndeliveredElement
        )
        else -> {
            if (capacity == 1 && onBufferOverflow == BufferOverflow.DROP_OLDEST)
                ConflatedChannel(onUndeliveredElement) // conflated implementation is more efficient but appears to work in the same way
            else
                ArrayChannel(capacity, onBufferOverflow, onUndeliveredElement)
        }
    }

@Deprecated(level = DeprecationLevel.HIDDEN, message = "Since 1.4.0, binary compatibility with earlier versions")
public fun <E> Channel(capacity: Int = RENDEZVOUS): Channel<E> = Channel(capacity)

/**
 * Indicates an attempt to [send][SendChannel.send] to a [isClosedForSend][SendChannel.isClosedForSend] channel
 * that was closed without a cause. A _failed_ channel rethrows the original [close][SendChannel.close] cause
 * exception on send attempts.
 *
 * This exception is a subclass of [IllegalStateException], because, conceptually, it is the sender's responsibility
 * to close the channel and not try to send anything thereafter. Attempts to
 * send to a closed channel indicate a logical error in the sender's code.
 */
public class ClosedSendChannelException(message: String?) : IllegalStateException(message)

/**
 * Indicates an attempt to [receive][ReceiveChannel.receive] from a [isClosedForReceive][ReceiveChannel.isClosedForReceive]
 * channel that was closed without a cause. A _failed_ channel rethrows the original [close][SendChannel.close] cause
 * exception on receive attempts.
 *
 * This exception is a subclass of [NoSuchElementException] to be consistent with plain collections.
 */
public class ClosedReceiveChannelException(message: String?) : NoSuchElementException(message)