forked from angular/angular.js
-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 1
/
Copy pathstep_02.ngdoc
281 lines (196 loc) · 10.1 KB
/
step_02.ngdoc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
@ngdoc tutorial
@name 2 - Angular Templates
@step 2
@description
<ul doc-tutorial-nav="2"></ul>
Now it's time to make the web page dynamic — with AngularJS. We'll also add a test that verifies the
code for the controller we are going to add.
There are many ways to structure the code for an application. For Angular apps, we encourage the use of
[the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–View–Controller)
to decouple the code and to separate concerns. With that in mind, let's use a little Angular and
JavaScript to add model, view, and controller components to our app.
- The list of three phones is now generated dynamically from data
<div doc-tutorial-reset="2"></div>
## View and Template
In Angular, the __view__ is a projection of the model through the HTML __template__. This means that
whenever the model changes, Angular refreshes the appropriate binding points, which updates the
view.
The view component is constructed by Angular from this template:
__`app/index.html`:__
```html
<html ng-app="phonecatApp">
<head>
...
<script src="bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
<script src="js/controllers.js"></script>
</head>
<body ng-controller="PhoneListCtrl">
<ul>
<li ng-repeat="phone in phones">
<span>{{phone.name}}</span>
<p>{{phone.snippet}}</p>
</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
```
We replaced the hard-coded phone list with the {@link ng.directive:ngRepeat ngRepeat directive}
and two {@link guide/expression Angular expressions}:
* The `ng-repeat="phone in phones"` attribute in the `<li>` tag is an Angular repeater directive.
The repeater tells Angular to create a `<li>` element for each phone in the list using the `<li>`
tag as the template.
* The expressions wrapped in curly braces (`{{phone.name}}` and `{{phone.snippet}}`) will be replaced
by the value of the expressions.
We have added a new directive, called `ng-controller`, which attaches a `PhoneListCtrl`
__controller__ to the <body> tag. At this point:
* The expressions in curly braces (`{{phone.name}}` and `{{phone.snippet}}`) denote
bindings, which are referring to our application model, which is set up in our `PhoneListCtrl`
controller.
<div class="alert alert-info">
Note: We have specified an {@link angular.Module Angular Module} to load using `ng-app="phonecatApp"`,
where `phonecatApp` is the name of our module. This module will contain the `PhoneListCtrl`.
</div>
<img class="diagram" src="img/tutorial/tutorial_02.png">
## Model and Controller
The data __model__ (a simple array of phones in object literal notation) is now instantiated within
the `PhoneListCtrl` __controller__. The __controller__ is simply a constructor function that takes a
`$scope` parameter:
__`app/js/controllers.js`:__
```js
var phonecatApp = angular.module('phonecatApp', []);
phonecatApp.controller('PhoneListCtrl', function ($scope) {
$scope.phones = [
{'name': 'Nexus S',
'snippet': 'Fast just got faster with Nexus S.'},
{'name': 'Motorola XOOM™ with Wi-Fi',
'snippet': 'The Next, Next Generation tablet.'},
{'name': 'MOTOROLA XOOM™',
'snippet': 'The Next, Next Generation tablet.'}
];
});
```
Here we declared a controller called `PhoneListCtrl` and registered it in an AngularJS
module, `phonecatApp`. Notice that our `ng-app` directive (on the `<html>` tag) now specifies the `phonecatApp`
module name as the module to load when bootstrapping the Angular application.
Although the controller is not yet doing very much, it plays a crucial role. By providing context
for our data model, the controller allows us to establish data-binding between
the model and the view. We connected the dots between the presentation, data, and logic components
as follows:
* The {@link ng.directive:ngController ngController} directive, located on the `<body>` tag,
references the name of our controller, `PhoneListCtrl` (located in the JavaScript file
`controllers.js`).
* The `PhoneListCtrl` controller attaches the phone data to the `$scope` that was injected into our
controller function. This *scope* is a prototypical descendant of the *root scope* that was created
when the application was defined. This controller scope is available to all bindings located within
the `<body ng-controller="PhoneListCtrl">` tag.
### Scope
The concept of a scope in Angular is crucial. A scope can be seen as the glue which allows the
template, model and controller to work together. Angular uses scopes, along with the information
contained in the template, data model, and controller, to keep models and views separate, but in
sync. Any changes made to the model are reflected in the view; any changes that occur in the view
are reflected in the model.
To learn more about Angular scopes, see the {@link ng.$rootScope.Scope angular scope documentation}.
## Tests
The "Angular way" of separating controller from the view, makes it easy to test code as it is being
developed. If our controller is available on the global namespace then we could simply instantiate it
with a mock `scope` object:
```js
describe('PhoneListCtrl', function(){
it('should create "phones" model with 3 phones', function() {
var scope = {},
ctrl = new PhoneListCtrl(scope);
expect(scope.phones.length).toBe(3);
});
});
```
The test instantiates `PhoneListCtrl` and verifies that the phones array property on the scope
contains three records. This example demonstrates how easy it is to create a unit test for code in
Angular. Since testing is such a critical part of software development, we make it easy to create
tests in Angular so that developers are encouraged to write them.
### Testing non-Global Controllers
In practice, you will not want to have your controller functions in the global namespace. Instead,
you can see that we have registered it via an anonymous constructor function on the `phonecatApp`
module.
In this case Angular provides a service, `$controller`, which will retrieve your controller by name.
Here is the same test using `$controller`:
__`test/unit/controllersSpec.js`:__
```js
describe('PhoneListCtrl', function(){
beforeEach(module('phonecatApp'));
it('should create "phones" model with 3 phones', inject(function($controller) {
var scope = {},
ctrl = $controller('PhoneListCtrl', {$scope:scope});
expect(scope.phones.length).toBe(3);
}));
});
```
* Before each test we tell Angular to load the `phonecatApp` module.
* We ask Angular to `inject` the `$controller` service into our test function
* We use `$controller` to create an instance of the `PhoneListCtrl`
* With this instance, we verify that the phones array property on the scope contains three records.
### Writing and Running Tests
Angular developers prefer the syntax of Jasmine's Behavior-driven Development (BDD) framework when
writing tests. Although Angular does not require you to use Jasmine, we wrote all of the tests in
this tutorial in Jasmine v1.3. You can learn about Jasmine on the [Jasmine home page][jasmine] and
at the [Jasmine docs][jasmine-docs].
The angular-seed project is pre-configured to run unit tests using [Karma][karma] but you will need
to ensure that Karma and its necessary plugins are installed. You can do this by running
`npm install`.
To run the tests, and then watch the files for changes: `npm test`.
* Karma will start new instances of Chrome and Firefox browsers automatically. Just ignore them and
let them run in the background. Karma will use these browsers for test execution.
* If you only have one of the browsers installed on your machine (either Chrome or Firefox), make
sure to update the karma configuration file before running the test. Locate the configuration file
in `test/karma.conf.js`, then update the `browsers` property.
E.g. if you only have Chrome installed:
<pre>
...
browsers: ['Chrome'],
...
</pre>
* You should see the following or similar output in the terminal:
<pre>
info: Karma server started at http://localhost:9876/
info (launcher): Starting browser "Chrome"
info (Chrome 22.0): Connected on socket id tPUm9DXcLHtZTKbAEO-n
Chrome 22.0: Executed 1 of 1 SUCCESS (0.093 secs / 0.004 secs)
</pre>
Yay! The test passed! Or not...
* To rerun the tests, just change any of the source or test .js files. Karma will notice the change
and will rerun the tests for you. Now isn't that sweet?
<div class="alert alert-info">
Make sure you don't minimize the browser that Karma opened. On some OS, memory assigned to a minimized
browser is limited, which results in your karma tests running extremely slow.
</div>
# Experiments
* Add another binding to `index.html`. For example:
```html
<p>Total number of phones: {{phones.length}}</p>
```
* Create a new model property in the controller and bind to it from the template. For example:
$scope.name = "World";
Then add a new binding to `index.html`:
<p>Hello, {{name}}!</p>
Refresh your browser and verify that it says "Hello, World!".
* Update the unit test for the controller in `./test/unit/controllersSpec.js` to reflect the previous change. For example by adding:
expect(scope.name).toBe('World');
* Create a repeater in `index.html` that constructs a simple table:
<table>
<tr><th>row number</th></tr>
<tr ng-repeat="i in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]"><td>{{i}}</td></tr>
</table>
Now, make the list 1-based by incrementing `i` by one in the binding:
<table>
<tr><th>row number</th></tr>
<tr ng-repeat="i in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]"><td>{{i+1}}</td></tr>
</table>
Extra points: try and make an 8x8 table using an additional `ng-repeat`.
* Make the unit test fail by changing `expect(scope.phones.length).toBe(3)` to instead use `toBe(4)`.
# Summary
You now have a dynamic app that features separate model, view, and controller components, and you
are testing as you go. Now, let's go to {@link step_03 step 3} to learn how to add full text search
to the app.
<ul doc-tutorial-nav="2"></ul>
[jasmine]: http://jasmine.github.io/
[jasmine-docs]: http://jasmine.github.io/1.3/introduction.html
[karma]: http://karma-runner.github.io/