ts-to-js.jade

include ../../../../_includes/_util-fns

:marked
  Anything you can do with Angular in _TypeScript_, you can also do
  in JavaScript. Translating from one language to the other is mostly a
  matter of changing the way you organize your code and access Angular APIs.

  _TypeScript_ is a popular language option for Angular development. 
  Most code examples on the Internet as well as on this site are written in _TypeScript_. 
  This cookbook contains recipes for translating _TypeScript_
  code examples to _ES6_ and to _ES5_ so that JavaScript developers
  can read and write Angular apps in their preferred dialect.

a#toc
:marked
  ## Table of contents

  [_TypeScript_ to _ES6_ to _ES5_](#from-ts)<br>
  [Modularity: imports and exports](#modularity)<br>
  [Classes and Class Metadata](#class-metadata)<br>
  [_ES5_ DSL](#dsl)<br>
  [Interfaces](#interfaces)<br>
  [Input and Output Metadata](#io-decorators)<br>
  [Dependency Injection](#dependency-injection)<br>
  [Host Binding](#host-binding)<br>
  [View and Child Decorators](#view-child-decorators)<br>
  [AoT compilation in _TypeScript_ Only](#aot)<br>

  **Run and compare the live <live-example name="cb-ts-to-js">_TypeScript_</live-example> and <live-example name="cb-ts-to-js" lang="js">JavaScript</live-example>
  code shown in this cookbook.**

a#from-ts
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## _TypeScript_ to _ES6_ to _ES5_
  
  _TypeScript_ 
  <a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org" target="_blank" title='"TypeScript is a typed, superset of JavaScript"'>is a typed superset of _ES6 JavaScript_</a>.
  &nbsp; _ES6 JavaScript_ is a superset of _ES5 JavaScript_. &nbsp; _ES5_ is the kind of JavaScript that runs natively in all modern browsers.
  The transformation of _TypeScript_ code all the way down to _ES5_ code can be seen as "shedding" features.

  The downgrade progression is
  * _TypeScript_ to _ES6-with-decorators_
  * _ES6-with-decorators_ to _ES6-without-decorators_ ("_plain ES6_")
  * _ES6-without-decorators_ to _ES5_

  When translating from _TypeScript_ to _ES6-with-decorators_, remove 
  [class property access modifiers](http://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/classes.html#public-private-and-protected-modifiers)
  such as `public` and `private`.
  Remove most of the 
  [type declarations](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html), 
  such as `:string` and `:boolean`
  but **keep the constructor parameter types which are used for dependency injection**.
   

  From _ES6-with-decorators_ to _plain ES6_, remove all 
  [decorators](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/decorators.html)
  and the remaining types.
  You must declare properties in the class constructor (`this.title = '...'`) rather than in the body of the class.

  Finally, from _plain ES6_ to _ES5_, the main missing features are `import`
  statements and `class` declarations. 

  For _plain ES6_ transpilation you can _start_ with a setup similar to the 
  [_TypeScript_ quickstart](https://github.com/angular/quickstart) and adjust the application code accordingly. 
  Transpile with [Babel](https://babeljs.io/) using the `es2015` preset. 
  To use decorators and annotations with Babel, install the 
  [`angular2`](https://github.com/shuhei/babel-plugin-angular2-annotations) preset as well.
   

a#modularity
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Importing and Exporting

  ### Importing Angular Code

  In both _TypeScript_ and _ES6_, you import Angular classes, functions, and other members with _ES6_ `import` statements.

  In _ES5_, you access the Angular entities of the [the Angular packages](../glossary.html#scoped-package)
  through the global `ng` object. 
  Anything you can import from `@angular` is a nested member of this `ng` object:

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/app.module.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/app.module.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/app.module.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/app.module.js
  `,
 'ng2import,ng2import,ng2import,ng2import',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript
  `)(format='.')

:marked
  ### Exporting Application Code

  Each file in a _TypeScript_ or _ES6_ Angular application constitutes an _ES6_ module.
  When you want to make something available to other modules, you `export` it.

  _ES5_ lacks native support for modules. 
  In an Angular _ES5_ application, you load each file manually by adding a `<script>` tag to `index.html`. 
.alert.is-important
  :marked
    The order of `<script>` tags is often significant. 
    You must load a file that defines a public JavaScript entity before a file that references that entity.
:marked
  The best practice in _ES5_ is to create a form of modularity that avoids polluting the global scope. 
  Add one application namespace object such as `app` to the global `document`.
  Then each code file "exports" public entities by attaching them to that namespace object, e.g., `app.HeroComponent`.
  You could factor a large application into several sub-namespaces 
  which leads to "exports" along the lines of `app.heroQueries.HeroComponent`.
  
  Every _ES5_ file should wrap code in an 
  [Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediately-invoked_function_expression)
  to limit unintentional leaking of private symbols into the global scope.
  
  Here is a `HeroComponent` as it might be defined and "exported" in each of the four language variants.

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero.component.js
  `,
  'appexport,appexport,appexport,appexport',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript
  `)

:marked
  ### Importing Application Code

  In _TypeScript_ and _ES6_ apps, you `import` things that have been exported from other modules.

  In _ES5_ you use the shared namespace object to access "exported" entities from other files.

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/app.module.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/app.module.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/app.module.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/app.module.js
  `,
  'appimport,appimport,appimport,appimport',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript
  `)(format='.')

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    Alternatively, you can use a module loader such as Webpack or
    Browserify in an Angular JavaScript project. In such a project, you would
    use _CommonJS_ modules and the `require` function to load Angular framework code.
    Then use `module.exports` and `require` to export and import application  code.


a#class-metadata
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Classes and Class Metadata

  ### Classes

  Most Angular _TypeScript_ and _ES6_ code is written as classes.

  Properties and method parameters of _TypeScript_ classes may be marked with the access modifiers
  `private`, `internal`, and `public`. 
  Remove these modifiers when translating to JavaScript.

  Most type declarations (e.g, `:string` and `:boolean`) should be removed when translating to JavaScript.
  When translating to _ES6-with-decorators_, ***do not remove types from constructor parameters!***
  
  Look for types in _TypeScript_ property declarations.
  In general it is better to initialize such properties with default values because
  many browser JavaScript engines can generate more performant code.
  When _TypeScript_ code follows this same advice, it can infer the property types
  and there is nothing to remove during translation. 

  In _ES6-without-decorators_, properties of classes must be assigned inside the constructor.

  _ES5_ JavaScript has no classes. 
  Use the constructor function pattern instead, adding methods to the prototype.

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero.component.js
  `,
  'class,class,class,constructorproto',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript
  `)

:marked
  ### Metadata

  When writing in _TypeScript_ or _ES6-with-decorators_, 
  provide configuration and metadata by adorning a class with one or more *decorators*. 
  For example, you supply metadata to a component class by preceding its definition with a
  [`@Component`](../api/core/index/Component-decorator.html) decorator function whose
  argument is an object literal with metadata properties.

  In _plain ES6_, you provide metadata by attaching an `annotations` array to the _class_.
  Each item in the array is a new instance of a metadata decorator created with a similar metadata object literal.
  
  In _ES5_, you also provide an `annotations` array but you attach it to the _constructor function_ rather than to a class.

  See these variations side-by-side:

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero.component.js
  `,
  'metadata,metadata,metadata,metadata',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript
  `)

:marked
  ***External Template file***

  A large component template is often kept in a separate template file.
+makeExample('cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-title.component.html', '', 'app/hero-title.component.html')(format='.')
:marked
  The component (`HeroTitleComponent` in this case) then references the template file in its metadata `templateUrl` property:
+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-title.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero-title.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero-title.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-title.component.js`,
  'templateUrl, templateUrl, templateUrl, templateUrl',
  `TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript
  `)(format='.')

:marked
  Note that the _TypeScript_ and both _ES6_ `templateUrl` properties identify the location of the template file _relative to the component module_.
  All three metadata configurations specify the `moduleId` property 
  so that Angular can calculate the proper module address.

  The _ES5_ approach shown here does not support modules and therefore there is no way to calculate a _module-relative URL_.
  The `templateUrl` for the _ES5_ code must specify the _path from the project root_ and 
  omits the irrelevant `moduleId` property. 
  
.l-sub-section
  :marked
    With the right tooling, the `moduleId` may not be needed in the other JavaScript dialects either.
    But it's safest to provide it anyway.

a#dsl
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## _ES5_ DSL

  This _ES5_ pattern of creating a constructor and annotating it with metadata is so common that Angular 
  provides a convenience API to make it a little more compact and locates the metadata above the constructor, 
  as you would if you wrote in _TypeScript_ or _ES6-with-decorators_.

  This _API_ (_Application Programming Interface_) is commonly known as the _ES5 DSL_ (_Domain Specific Language_).

  Set an application namespace property (e.g., `app.HeroDslComponent`) to the result of an `ng.core.Component` function call.
  Pass the same metadata object to `ng.core.Component` as you did before.
  Then chain a call to the `Class` method which takes an object defining the class constructor and instance methods.

  Here is an example of the `HeroComponent`, re-written with the DSL,
  next to the original _ES5_ version for comparison:

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero.component.js,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero.component.js
  `,
  'dsl,',
  `
    ES5 JavaScript with DSL,
    ES5 JavaScript
  `)

.callout.is-helpful
  header Name the constructor
  :marked
    A **named** constructor displays clearly in the console log
    if the component throws a runtime error. 
    An **unnamed** constructor displays as an anonymous function (e.g., `class0`) 
    which is impossible to find in the source code.

:marked
  ### Properties with getters and setters

  _TypeScript_ and _ES6_ support with getters and setters.
  Here's an example of a read-only _TypeScript_ property with a getter
  that prepares a toggle-button label for the next clicked state:
+makeExample('cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-queries.component.ts', 'defined-property', 'ts/app/hero-queries.component.ts')(format='.')

:marked
  This _TypeScript_ "getter" property is transpiled to an _ES5_
  <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/defineProperty"
     target="_blank" title="Defined Properties">defined property</a>.
  The _ES5 DSL_ does not support _defined properties_ directly
  but you can still create them by extracting the "class" prototype and
  adding the _defined property_ in raw JavaScript like this:
+makeExample('cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-queries.component.js', 'defined-property','js/app/hero-queries.component.ts')(format='.')

:marked
  ### DSL for other classes
  There are similar DSLs for other decorated classes. 
  You can define a directive with `ng.core.Directive`: 

code-example.
  app.MyDirective = ng.core.Directive({
    selector: '[myDirective]'
  }).Class({
    ...
  });
:marked
  and a pipe with `ng.core.Pipe`:
code-example.  
  app.MyPipe = ng.core.Pipe({
    name: 'myPipe'
  }).Class({
    ...
  });

a#interfaces
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Interfaces

  A _TypeScript_ interface helps ensure that a class implements the interface's members correctly.
  We strongly recommend Angular interfaces where appropriate. 
  For example, the component class that implements the `ngOnInit` lifecycle hook method
  should implement the `OnInit` interface.

  _TypeScript_ interfaces exist for developer convenience and are not used by Angular at runtime.
  They have no physical manifestation in the generated JavaScript code.
  Just implement the methods and ignore interfaces when translating code samples from _TypeScript_ to JavaScript.

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-lifecycle.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero-lifecycle.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero-lifecycle.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-lifecycle.component.js,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-lifecycle.component.js
  `,
  ',,,,dsl',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript with DSL
  `)  

a#io-decorators
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Input and Output Metadata

  ### Input and Output Decorators

  In _TypeScript_ and _ES6-with-decorators_, you often add metadata to class _properties_ with _property decorators_.
  For example, you apply [`@Input` and `@Output` property decorators](../guide/template-syntax.html#inputs-outputs) 
  to public class properties that will be the target of data binding expressions in parent components.

  There is no equivalent of a property decorator in _ES5_ or _plain ES6_. 
  Fortunately, every property decorator has an equivalent representation in a class decorator metadata property.
  A _TypeScript_ `@Input` property decorator can be represented by an item in the `Component` metadata's `inputs` array.
  
  You already know how to add `Component` or `Directive` class metadata in _any_ JavaScript dialect so
  there's nothing fundamentally new about adding another property. 
  But note that what would have been _separate_ `@Input` and `@Output` property decorators for each class property are
  combined in the metadata `inputs` and `outputs` _arrays_.

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/confirm.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/confirm.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/confirm.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/confirm.component.js,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/confirm.component.js
  `,
  ',,,,dsl',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript with DSL
  `)
:marked
  In the previous example, one of the public-facing binding names (`cancelMsg`) 
  differs from the corresponding class property name (`notOkMsg`).
  That's OK but you must tell Angular about it so that it can map an external binding of `cancelMsg`
  to the component's `notOkMsg` property.
  
  In _TypeScript_ and _ES6-with-decorators_, 
  you specify the special binding name in the argument to the property decorator.
  
  In _ES5_ and _plain ES6_ code, convey this pairing with the `propertyName: bindingName` syntax in the class metadata.
  
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Dependency Injection
  Angular relies heavily on [Dependency Injection](../guide/dependency-injection.html) to provide services to the objects it creates.
  When Angular creates a new component, directive, pipe or another service, 
  it sets the class constructor parameters to instances of services provided by an _Injector_.

  The developer must tell Angular what to inject into each parameter.

  ### Injection by Class Type

  The easiest and most popular technique in _TypeScript_ and _ES6-with-decorators_ is to set the constructor parameter type
  to the class associated with the service to inject. 
  
  The _TypeScript_ transpiler writes parameter type information into the generated JavaScript.
  Angular reads that information at runtime and locates the corresponding service in the appropriate _Injector_..
  The _ES6-with-decorators_ transpiler does essentially the same thing using the same parameter-typing syntax.

  _ES5_ and _plain ES6_ lack types so you must identify "injectables" by attaching a **`parameters`** array to the constructor function. 
  Each item in the array specifies the service's injection token.

  As with _TypeScript_ the most popular token is a class, 
  or rather a _constructor function_ that represents a class in _ES5_ and _plain ES6_.
  The format of the `parameters` array varies:
  
  * _plain ES6_ &mdash; nest each constructor function in a sub-array.

  * _ES5_ &mdash; simply list the constructor functions.

  When writing with _ES5 DSL_, set the `Class.constructor` property to
  an array whose first parameters are the injectable constructor functions and whose
  last parameter is the class constructor itself. 
  This format should be familiar to Angular 1 developers.

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-di.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero-di.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero-di.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-di.component.js,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-di.component.js
  `,
  ',,,,dsl',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript with DSL
  `)

:marked
  ### Injection with the @Inject decorator

  Sometimes the dependency injection token isn't a class or constructor function.
  
  In _TypeScript_ and _ES6-with-decorators_, you precede the class constructor parameter
  by calling the `@Inject()` decorator with the injection token.
  In the following example, the token is the string `'heroName'`.

  The other JavaScript dialogs add a `parameters` array to the class contructor function.
  Each item constains a new instance of `Inject('heroName')`:
  
  * _plain ES6_ &mdash; each item is a new instance of `Inject(token)` in a sub-array.

  * _ES5_ &mdash; simply list the string tokens.

  When writing with _ES5 DSL_, set the `Class.constructor` property to a function definition
  array as before. Create a `new ng.core.Inject(token)` for each parameter. 

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-di-inject.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero-di-inject.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero-di-inject.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-di-inject.component.js,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-di-inject.component.js
  `,
  ',,,,dsl',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript with DSL
  `)

:marked
  ### Additional Injection Decorators

  You can qualify injection behavior with injection decorators from `@angular/core`.

  In _TypeScript_ and _ES6-with-decorators_, 
  you precede the constructor parameters with injection qualifiers such as:
  * [`@Optional`](../api/core/index/Optional-decorator.html) sets the parameter to `null` if the service is missing
  * [`@Attribute`](../api/core/index/Attribute-interface.html) to inject a host element attribute value
  * [`@ContentChild`](../api/core/index/ContentChild-decorator.html) to inject a content child
  * [`@ViewChild`](../api/core/index/ViewChild-decorator.html) to inject a view child
  * [`@Host`](../api/core/index/Host-decorator.html) to inject a service in this component or its host
  * [`@SkipSelf`](../api/core/index/SkipSelf-decorator.html) to inject a service provided in an ancestor of this component

  In _plain ES6_ and _ES5_, create an instance of the equivalent injection qualifier in a nested array within the `parameters` array.
  For example, you'd write `new Optional()` in _plain ES6_ and `new ng.core.Optional()` in _ES5_.
  

  When writing with _ES5 DSL_, set the `Class.constructor` property to a function definition
  array as before. Use a nested array to define a parameter's complete injection specification.

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-title.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero-title.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero-title.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-title.component.js,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-title.component.js
  `,
  ',,,,dsl',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript with DSL
  `)
.l-sub-section
  :marked
    In the example above, there is no provider for the `'titlePrefix'` token.
    Without `Optional`, Angular would raise an error.
    With `Optional`, Angular sets the constructor parameter to `null` 
    and the component displays the title without a prefix.

a#host-binding
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Host Binding
  Angular supports bindings to properties and events of the _host element_ which is the
  element whose tag matches the component selector.

  ### Host Decorators

  In _TypeScript_ and _ES6-with-decorators_, you can use host property decorators to bind a host
  element to a component or directive.
  The [`@HostBinding`](../api/core/index/HostBinding-interface.html) decorator
  binds host element properties to component data properties. 
  The [`@HostListener`](../api/core/index/HostListener-interface.html) decorator binds
  host element events to component event handlers.

  In _plain ES6_ or _ES5_, add a `host` attribute to the component metadata to achieve the
  same effect as `@HostBinding` and `@HostListener`. 
  
  The  `host` value is an object whose properties are host property and listener bindings:
  
  * Each key follows regular Angular binding syntax: `[property]` for host bindings
    or `(event)` for host listeners.
  * Each value identifies the corresponding component property or method.

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-host.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero-host.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero-host.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-host.component.js,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-host.component.js
  `,
  ',,,,dsl',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript with DSL
  `)

:marked
  ### Host Metadata
  Some developers prefer to specify host properties and listeners
  in the component metadata. 
  They'd _rather_ do it the way you _must_ do it _ES5_ and _plain ES6_.

  The following re-implementation of the `HeroComponent` reminds us that _any property metadata decorator_
  can be expressed as component or directive metadata in both _TypeScript_ and _ES6-with-decorators_.
  These particular _TypeScript_ and _ES6_ code snippets happen to be identical.
+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-host-meta.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero-host-meta.component.es6
  `,
  '',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators
  `)

a#view-child-decorators
.l-main-section
:marked
  ### View and Child Decorators
  
  Several _property_ decorators query a component's nested view and content components.
  
.l-sub-section
  :marked
     _View_ children are associated with element tags that appear _within_ the component's template.
     
     _Content_ children are associated with elements that appear _between_ the component's element tags;
     they are projected into an `<ng-content>` slot in the component's template.     
:marked
  The [`@ViewChild`](../api/core/index/ViewChild-decorator.html) and
  [`@ViewChildren`](../api/core/index/ViewChildren-decorator.html) property decorators
  allow a component to query instances of other components that are used in
  its view. 

  In _ES5_ and _ES6_, you access a component's view children by adding a `queries` property to the component metadata. 
  The `queries` property value is a hash map.

  * each _key_ is the name of a component property that will hold the view child or children.
  * each _value_ is a new instance of either `ViewChild` or `ViewChildren`.

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-queries.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero-queries.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero-queries.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-queries.component.js
  `,
  'view, view, view, view',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript with DSL
  `)

:marked
  The [`@ContentChild`](../api/core/index/ContentChild-decorator.html) and
  [`@ContentChildren`](../api/core/index/ContentChildren-decorator.html) property decorators
  allow a component to query instances of other components that have been projected
  into its view from elsewhere.

  They can be added in the same way as [`@ViewChild`](../api/core/index/ViewChild-decorator.html) and
  [`@ViewChildren`](../api/core/index/ViewChildren-decorator.html).

+makeTabs(`
    cb-ts-to-js/ts/app/hero-queries.component.ts,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6-decorators/app/hero-queries.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js-es6/app/hero-queries.component.es6,
    cb-ts-to-js/js/app/hero-queries.component.js
  `,
  'content, content, content, content',
  ` TypeScript,
    ES6 JavaScript with decorators,
    ES6 JavaScript,
    ES5 JavaScript with DSL
  `)

.alert.is-helpful
  :marked
    In _TypeScript_ and _ES6-with-decorators_ you can also use the `queries` metadata 
    instead of the `@ViewChild` and `@ContentChild` property decorators.    

a#aot
.l-main-section
:marked
  ## AoT Compilation in _TypeScript_ only

  Angular offers two modes of template compilation, JiT (_Just-in-Time_) and 
  [AoT (_Ahead-of-Time_)](aot-compiler.html).
  Currently the AoT compiler only works with _TypeScript_ applications because, in part, it generates
  _TypeScript_ files as an intermediate result.
  **AoT is not an option for pure JavaScript applications** at this time.