- "We will observe this on a toy dataset. Suppose there are five thousand counties in our dataset. Furthermore, population number in each state are uniformly distributed between 100 and 1500. The way the population numbers are generated is irrelevant to the discussion, so we do not justify this. We are interested in measuring the average height of individuals per county. Unbeknownst to the us, height does **not** vary across county, and each individual, regardless of the county he or she is currently living in, has the same distribution of what their height may be:\n",
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